Which gland controls the functioning of other endocrine glands?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The pituitary gland, dubbed the 'master gland,' controls other endocrine glands (e.g., thyroid via TSH, adrenals via ACTH) through tropic hormones. Thyroid regulates metabolism, pineal sleep, adrenals stress not others. Pituitary's anterior/posterior lobes orchestrate this, distinguishing its hierarchical role, vital for endocrine harmony, contrasting with effector glands.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Glucagon raises glucose via glycogenolysis without increasing lactate gluconeogenesis (lactate source) is secondary. Insulin uses GLUT2 in liver, not GLUT4 (muscle/adipose). Cortisol boosts gluconeogenesis, not glycogenolysis primarily. Glucagon stimulates insulin short-term, not inhibits. Glucagon's lactate-free glucose rise distinguishes it, key to its hepatic action, unlike transporter, cortisol, or insulin errors.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: α-adrenergic stimulation (e.g., norepinephrine) inhibits insulin secretion via α2-receptors, reducing glucose uptake in stress. Theophylline enhances insulin by increasing cAMP, not inhibits. Insulin's half-life is ~5-10 minutes, not 30. Somatostatin inhibits insulin, not stimulates. α-adrenergic inhibition distinguishes it, key to sympathetic-glucose balance, unlike cAMP, kinetics, or somatostatin errors.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: T4 increases cardiovascular β-receptors, enhancing catecholamine sensitivity metabolic/cardiac boost. It's regulated by negative feedback (TSH, TRH). Most T4 binds TBG (~70%), not albumin (~10%). T4 lowers LDL by increasing clearance, not raising it. β-receptor increase distinguishes T4's action, critical for heart response, unlike feedback, transport, or lipid errors.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Hormones regulate internal environment (e.g., ADH for water), metabolism (e.g., thyroxine), glandular secretions (e.g., TSH), and growth (e.g., GH), but they don't produce electrolytes ions like sodium or potassium are managed by kidneys or diet, not synthesized by hormones. 'Produces electrolytes' is incorrect as hormones modulate existing substances, not create them. This distinction highlights hormones' role as signaling molecules, not producers of biochemical raw materials, critical for understanding endocrine specificity versus metabolic processes.