Which form of incontinence is usually treated medically initially?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Urge incontinence is treated medically first antimuscarinics or β3-agonists calm detrusor overactivity, addressing urgency. Stress incontinence (leak with pressure) often needs surgery pelvic support issue. Continuous suggests fistula surgical. Overflow (retention) may need catheterization obstruction-based. Urge's detrusor focus distinguishes it, key to initial medical management, unlike structural or retention types.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Post-PFUI continence is best addressed after restoring urethral continuity reconstruction (e.g., urethroplasty) precedes sphincter assessment. Contrast studies show anatomy, not function unpredictive. Bladder neck endoscopy evaluates structure, not continence limited. Partial injuries vary full distraction repairable. Continuity-first approach distinguishes it, key to stepwise PFUI management, unlike predictive or injury-type errors.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: PI-RADS v2.1 divides prostate into 38 sectors 36 prostate zones (base, mid, apex; anterior/posterior) plus 2 urethra standardized for MRI reporting. 27 is outdated (v1) too few. 41/43 include seminal vesicles/sphincter excluded here. 38 distinguishes it, critical for precise cancer localization, unlike old or inclusive counts.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Chromophobe RCC arises from intercalated cells of collecting ducts unique histology (pale cytoplasm). Proximal tubule births clear cell/papillary RCC different lineage. Both tubules isn't specific wrong scope. Principal cells manage sodium unrelated. Intercalated origin distinguishes chromophobe, key to its pathology, unlike proximal or principal sources.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is the top cause of acute renal failure ischemia/toxins (e.g., sepsis) damage tubules, impairing filtration. Glomerulonephritis (immune) is less frequent chronic more common. Vasculitis (e.g., ANCA) is rare systemic. Tubulointerstitial nephritis (drugs) occurs but trails ATN less acute. ATN's prevalence distinguishes it, critical for ARF etiology, unlike glomerular or interstitial causes.