Which factors will assist a patient in coping positively with having cancer (select all that apply)?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of a patient coping positively with cancer, having a strong support system (Option B) plays a crucial role. Cancer diagnosis can be overwhelming, and having friends, family, or support groups can provide emotional support, practical help, and a sense of belonging which positively impacts coping mechanisms. Option A, feeling of control, is important but may not always be achievable in a situation like cancer where many factors are beyond the patient's control. Internalization of feelings (Option C) can potentially lead to emotional distress and isolation rather than positive coping. Possibility of cure or control (Option D) is significant, but not all cancer patients have this possibility, and focusing solely on this aspect can lead to unrealistic expectations and disappointment. Educationally, understanding the psychosocial aspects of cancer care is vital for healthcare professionals. It allows them to provide holistic care by addressing not only the physical aspects of the disease but also the emotional and social needs of the patient. Encouraging the development of a strong support system can significantly improve a patient's quality of life and overall well-being during their cancer journey.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is C) Large amount of carbonic acid and high hydrogen ion concentration. This scenario indicates respiratory acidosis, where there is an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood leading to the formation of carbonic acid and an increase in hydrogen ion concentration, resulting in acidosis. Option A is incorrect because a large amount of carbon dioxide would lead to an increase in carbonic acid and subsequent increase in hydrogen ion concentration, causing acidosis. Option B is incorrect as it suggests a small amount of carbonic acid, which contradicts the premise of high carbon dioxide levels. Option D is also incorrect as it suggests a low hydrogen ion concentration, which is not the case in respiratory acidosis. Educationally, understanding the relationship between carbon dioxide levels, carbonic acid formation, and hydrogen ion concentration is crucial in pharmacology as it helps in comprehending acid-base balance and the physiological mechanisms involved in maintaining homeostasis. This knowledge is foundational in pharmacological interventions related to acid-base disorders and respiratory conditions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: The complement system is a group of proteins that enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens. Choice A is correct because the C8 and C9 components of the complement system form the membrane attack complex which lyses cells. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the complement system primarily functions independently of the major histocompatibility complex, antibodies for opsonization, and T-cell receptor for lymphokine production.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: IgA. IgA is the principal immunoglobulin found in secretions like milk due to its role in mucosal immunity. IgG is mainly found in the blood and provides systemic immunity. IgM is the first antibody produced during an immune response. IgD is primarily found on the surface of B cells and is involved in B cell activation. IgA is the most abundant immunoglobulin in mucosal secretions, making it the principal one found in milk.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because keeping ice on the knee for the rest of the day can lead to skin damage or frostbite. Choice A is correct as it acknowledges the purpose of ice in reducing swelling. Choice C shows understanding of using ice as directed. Choice D indicates proper understanding of combining elevation with ice for swelling reduction.