Which factor is released from mast cells?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the functions of different substances released by mast cells is crucial for providing effective care to pediatric patients. In this case, the correct answer is C) Histamine. Histamine is a key mediator released from mast cells in response to allergens, injury, or infection. It plays a central role in triggering inflammatory responses, such as vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and smooth muscle contraction. Option A) Eosinophil major basic protein is released by eosinophils, not mast cells. Eosinophils are involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections but do not originate from mast cells. Option B) Platelet-activating factor is a lipid mediator involved in platelet aggregation and inflammation but is not primarily released from mast cells. Option D) Bradykinin is a potent vasodilator that plays a role in inflammation and pain sensation, but it is not released from mast cells. Understanding the specific functions of these substances is important for nurses caring for pediatric patients with allergic reactions, asthma, or other conditions involving mast cell activation. Recognizing the role of histamine can guide nursing interventions such as administering antihistamines or corticosteroids to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is D) Foods. Allergic conjunctivitis is primarily caused by exposure to allergens that trigger an immune response in the conjunctiva. Pollens, animal dander, and mold spores are common environmental allergens that can lead to allergic conjunctivitis due to their airborne nature and ability to irritate the eyes. The incorrect options (A, B, C) are common causes of allergic conjunctivitis and are known to elicit an allergic response in individuals sensitive to them. Pollens are a common outdoor allergen, animal dander from pets can trigger allergic reactions, and mold spores are prevalent in damp environments and can cause eye irritation. From an educational standpoint, understanding the common causes of allergic conjunctivitis is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially pediatric nurses, as they often encounter children with allergies in clinical settings. By knowing the triggers for allergic conjunctivitis, nurses can provide appropriate care, educate patients and families on allergen avoidance, and assist in managing symptoms effectively. This knowledge is essential for promoting optimal eye health and overall well-being in pediatric patients with allergies.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a hypersensitivity reaction to the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. In this condition, the immune system overreacts to the presence of the fungus in the airways, leading to inflammation and damage. The correct answer, option D) Allergic rhinitis, is not a common cause of ABPA. Allergic rhinitis primarily affects the upper respiratory tract, specifically the nasal passages, and does not typically progress to involve the lower airways as seen in ABPA. Option A) Asthma is a common predisposing factor for ABPA. Patients with poorly controlled asthma are at higher risk of developing ABPA due to the chronic airway inflammation and immune dysregulation associated with asthma. Option B) Cystic fibrosis is also a known risk factor for ABPA. Patients with cystic fibrosis have thick mucus that can trap Aspergillus spores in the airways, leading to infection and subsequent allergic reaction. Option C) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is not typically associated with ABPA, as it is more commonly linked to conditions involving chronic inflammation and structural damage of the lungs, such as bronchiectasis. In an educational context, understanding the common causes and risk factors for ABPA is crucial for healthcare providers working with pediatric patients. Recognizing these predisposing conditions can aid in early identification, prompt treatment, and improved outcomes for children at risk for or diagnosed with ABPA. Educating students and healthcare professionals on the nuances of respiratory conditions and their associated complications is essential in providing comprehensive care to pediatric patients with respiratory issues.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is D) Large atrial septal defect. The risk of developing infective endocarditis is the least in a patient with a large atrial septal defect because atrial septal defects do not cause turbulent blood flow like ventricular septal defects or valvular regurgitation. Turbulent blood flow increases the risk of bacterial seeding and subsequent development of infective endocarditis. In contrast, atrial septal defects allow blood to flow between the atria without causing turbulence. Option A) Severe aortic regurgitation and Option C) Severe mitral regurgitation both involve valvular regurgitation, which can lead to turbulent blood flow and an increased risk of infective endocarditis. Option B) Small ventricular septal defects can also cause turbulent blood flow due to the pressure difference between the ventricles, increasing the risk of infective endocarditis compared to a large atrial septal defect. Educationally, understanding the relationship between specific cardiac defects and their impact on blood flow dynamics and the risk of infective endocarditis is crucial for pediatric nurses caring for patients with congenital heart conditions. This knowledge informs patient assessment, intervention strategies, and patient education to prevent complications such as infective endocarditis.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Biliary atresia. Biliary atresia is the most common cause of neonatal cholestasis, which is a condition characterized by the obstruction of bile flow from the liver to the intestine. This obstruction can lead to liver damage and impaired bile excretion. Option A) Idiopathic neonatal hepatitis is a broad term that refers to liver inflammation of unknown cause in neonates. While it can present with cholestasis, it is not the most common cause. Option B) ABO incompatibility is a condition where the mother's blood type is incompatible with the baby's, leading to hemolytic disease of the newborn. This condition affects the red blood cells, not the liver. Option C) Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis is a genetic disorder that impairs bile flow from the liver, but it is not as common as biliary atresia in causing neonatal cholestasis. Understanding the most common causes of neonatal cholestasis is crucial for nurses caring for newborns. Early identification and management of biliary atresia are essential to prevent further liver damage and improve outcomes for the infant. Nurses play a key role in monitoring newborns for signs of cholestasis and facilitating prompt diagnostic evaluation and treatment.