Which factor disrupts the brain's regulation of hunger and metabolism?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Reduced sleep is the correct answer as it affects hormones that regulate hunger and metabolism, leading to increased appetite and weight gain. Self-regulation is not directly related to the brain's regulation of hunger and metabolism. Frequent eating out may impact food choices and portion sizes but is not specifically linked to disrupting the brain's regulation. Using screen media can affect sleep patterns but is not as directly related to the brain's regulation of hunger and metabolism as reduced sleep.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, gene-environment interaction. This concept highlights that genetic factors play a role in how individuals react to environmental factors. Niche-picking (choice B) refers to the tendency of individuals to select environments that complement their genetic predispositions, not the inherent genetic differences in responsiveness. Passive correlation (choice C) involves the association between the genetic makeup of parents and the environment they provide for their children, not individual differences in responsiveness. Evocative correlation (choice D) relates to the idea that an individual's genetic traits can elicit certain responses from others in the environment, rather than individual differences in responsiveness.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Erikson's theory of psychosocial development states that during adolescence, individuals face the conflict of identity vs. role confusion. If this conflict is resolved negatively, adolescents experience role confusion. Role confusion occurs when adolescents fail to develop a clear sense of identity, leading to uncertainty about their future roles. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they correspond to earlier stages of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development (mistrust corresponds to infancy, isolation to early adulthood, and inferiority to middle childhood), not adolescence.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the information-processing system, information first enters the sensory register. This is where sensory information from the environment is briefly stored before being processed further. The central executive is responsible for coordinating cognitive processes, the short-term memory store holds information temporarily for immediate tasks, and the long-term memory store stores information for long periods, but the sensory register is the initial entry point for incoming information.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: According to the lifespan perspective, no single period is considered supreme in its impact on the life course. Each stage of life, from prenatal period through adulthood, plays a significant role in shaping an individual's development. Therefore, the correct answer is 'D: no age period.' Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the lifespan perspective emphasizes that all stages are important and contribute uniquely to an individual's life course.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'popular; neglected.' Popular children are well-liked by their peers, hence they receive many positive votes. Neglected children, on the other hand, are often overlooked or ignored, resulting in them being seldom mentioned. Choice B is incorrect because neglected and rejected have different meanings. Choice C is incorrect as popular and rejected do not align with the likability context provided in the question. Choice D is incorrect as controversial does not directly relate to likability in the context of the question.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In females, the twenty-third pair of chromosomes is indeed labeled as XX. This pair of chromosomes determines the biological sex of females. Choice A, 'an autosome,' is incorrect as autosomes refer to the non-sex chromosomes. Choice B, 'dizygotic,' is incorrect as it relates to twins. Choice D, 'XY,' is incorrect as it represents the chromosome pair found in males.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is 'social referencing.' Social referencing is a behavior where infants seek emotional information from a trusted person, usually a caregiver, to determine how to respond in uncertain situations. This process helps infants regulate their emotions and behaviors based on the cues they receive from the trusted individual. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because self-control, give-and-take, and emotional self-regulation do not specifically involve seeking emotional information from others in uncertain situations, as social referencing does.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'competition.' Parents often give boys toys that promote competition and physical activity, aligning with traditional gender roles. This emphasis on competition can help boys develop skills such as leadership, strategy, and resilience. Choice A, 'cooperation,' is incorrect because while cooperation is valuable, it is not typically emphasized through toys given to boys. Choice B, 'nurturance,' is also incorrect as nurturing qualities are not commonly associated with toys given to boys. Choice D, 'physical attractiveness,' is unrelated to the toys parents usually give their sons.