Which expectant mother has the greatest risk of a baby born with fetal alcohol syndrome?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pharmacology, understanding the impact of maternal alcohol consumption on fetal development is crucial. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a serious concern that can result from maternal alcohol use during pregnancy. In this scenario, the expectant mother with the greatest risk of having a baby born with FAS is Yvonne, a Native American. Yvonne, as a Native American, has a higher risk due to genetic factors that can influence alcohol metabolism differently compared to other ethnicities. Native Americans tend to have a higher prevalence of alcohol use disorder, which can increase the likelihood of excessive alcohol consumption during pregnancy, leading to a higher risk of FAS in their babies. Conversely, the other options (Caucasian American, African American, and Asian American) do not have the same genetic predisposition or cultural factors that may contribute to increased alcohol consumption during pregnancy, thus lowering their risk compared to Native Americans. This educational context highlights the intersection of genetics, cultural factors, and pharmacological effects on fetal development, emphasizing the importance of considering individual risk factors in maternal healthcare and the prevention of FAS. Understanding these nuances is critical for healthcare providers to deliver targeted interventions and support to at-risk populations.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: An inadequate diet during pregnancy can lead to the distortion of the structure of the liver, kidney, and pancreas in the developing fetus. Proper nutrition during pregnancy is crucial for the healthy development of these organs and essential for the overall well-being of the baby. A balanced diet supports optimal growth and development, while inadequate nutrition can have detrimental effects on the baby's organs and long-term health.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Healthy women in their thirties typically have about the same rates of pregnancy complications as those in their twenties. While it is true that the risk of fertility issues and certain pregnancy complications may increase with age, generally speaking, women in their thirties who are healthy and do not have preexisting conditions do not necessarily experience higher rates of pregnancy complications compared to women in their twenties.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Difficulty arranging transportation can be a situational barrier to seeking early prenatal care because it can prevent pregnant individuals from being able to physically get to their healthcare provider for appointments. This barrier may make it challenging for individuals to access the necessary prenatal care and support for a healthy pregnancy.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of a baby's adaptation to labor and delivery, stress hormones play a crucial role in arousing the infant into alertness, which is why option B is correct. During the birthing process, the release of stress hormones such as adrenaline helps the baby transition from the intrauterine environment to the external world by increasing heart rate, respiratory rate, and overall alertness. Option A, endangering the newborn, is incorrect as stress hormones in regulated levels are essential for the baby's adaptation and survival during labor and delivery. Excessive stress hormones could be harmful, but their physiological role in moderate amounts is beneficial. Option C, referring to the effects on the mother's cervix and uterus, is related to the mother's response to stress hormones, not directly to the baby's adaptation. Option D, linking stress hormones to the mother's breathing and increasing the infant's oxygen supply, is not directly associated with how stress hormones impact the baby's alertness and adaptation during labor and delivery. Understanding the impact of stress hormones on a newborn's adaptation is crucial in pharmacology and obstetrics. Educating healthcare professionals on this process helps in providing optimal care for both the mother and the newborn during the critical period of labor and delivery.