Which event led to the establishment of the first major government-funded health insurance program in the U.S. in 1965?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: The passage of the Medicare and Medicaid Act. This legislation in 1965 established government-funded health insurance programs for elderly and low-income individuals. It addressed the need for accessible healthcare for vulnerable populations. The other choices are incorrect because: A: The Civil Rights Movement focused on racial equality, not healthcare. B: The Social Security Act created social insurance programs but not specifically health insurance. C: The Vietnam War did not directly lead to the establishment of government-funded health insurance programs.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, the cholera outbreak study by John Snow. Snow's study in London in 1854 is considered one of the first examples of public health surveillance as he tracked the source of the outbreak to contaminated water. He used mapping and data analysis to identify patterns and make informed decisions. The other choices are incorrect because: A: The CDC was established in 1946, long after Snow's study. C: National vaccination programs came later and are not directly related to surveillance. D: Edward Jenner's work focused on smallpox vaccination, not surveillance.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 1955. Dr. Jonas Salk developed the first successful polio vaccine in 1955. This vaccine was a monumental breakthrough in medical history and played a crucial role in eradicating polio. Choice A (1945) is too early for the development of the polio vaccine. Choice B (1952) is also too early, as the vaccine was not developed until 1955. Choice D (1960) is too late, as the vaccine was already developed and in use by 1955. Therefore, the correct answer is C, as it aligns with the historical timeline of the development of the polio vaccine by Jonas Salk.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Medicare. In the 1960s, Medicare was introduced as a health program specifically aimed at expanding health coverage to older adults in the U.S. Medicare provides health insurance for individuals aged 65 and older, as well as certain younger people with disabilities. Medicaid (B) is a separate program that provides health coverage to low-income individuals and families. The Affordable Care Act (C) was passed in 2010 and aimed to increase access to health insurance for all Americans, not specifically targeting older adults. The Children's Health Insurance Program (D) was created in 1997 to provide health coverage to children in low-income families, not older adults.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: The Surgeon General's Report on Smoking and Health. This report, released in 1964, was a landmark publication that highlighted the link between smoking and health risks, leading to significant public health interventions to reduce tobacco use. It played a crucial role in raising awareness about the dangers of smoking and paved the way for tobacco control policies. Choice B, the U.S. National Health Survey, is not directly related to tobacco use reduction efforts in the 1960s. Choice C, the Global Health Strategy on Smoking, is too broad and not specific to the 1960s public health goals. Choice D, the Healthy People Initiative, was not launched until the late 1970s and is not specifically focused on tobacco use reduction during the 1960s.