Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down carbohydrates in the mouth?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Amylase. Amylase is an enzyme that specifically breaks down carbohydrates into sugars in the mouth. It is produced by both salivary glands and pancreas. Protease (B) breaks down proteins, Lipase (C) breaks down fats, and Pepsin (D) breaks down proteins in the stomach. Therefore, A is the correct answer for the enzyme responsible for breaking down carbohydrates in the mouth.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer D: - Psyllium is a bulk-forming laxative that works by absorbing water in the intestines, forming a gel-like mass that helps with bowel movements. - Taking large amounts of fluid is essential when using psyllium to prevent the gel-like mass from hardening and causing impaction or bowel obstruction. - Adequate fluid intake is crucial for the safe and effective use of psyllium as a laxative. Summary of Incorrect Choices: - Choice A is incorrect because fiber-containing laxatives like psyllium do not directly impact the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. - Choice B is incorrect as dietary sources of fiber should not be eliminated entirely but rather balanced to prevent excessive gas. - Choice C is incorrect as all medications, including laxatives, can have potential adverse effects; however, psyllium is generally well-tolerated when used appropriately.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because esomeprazole (Nexium) is a proton pump inhibitor that works by decreasing stomach acid production, thereby treating gastroesophageal reflux disease. This explanation is important for the patient to understand the mechanism of action of the medication. Choice A is incorrect because esomeprazole does not increase the rate of gastric emptying; instead, it reduces acid production. Choice B is incorrect because esomeprazole does not neutralize stomach acid immediately; it takes a few days to reach its full effect. Choice C is incorrect because esomeprazole does not coat and protect the stomach and esophagus; it works by reducing acid production. In summary, the correct answer is D because it accurately describes how esomeprazole works to manage recurring heartburn by decreasing stomach acid production, which is essential for treating gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: pyloric valve. The pyloric valve is located between the stomach and the small intestine, specifically at the junction of the stomach and the duodenum. Its main function is to regulate the flow of partially digested food from the stomach into the small intestine. This control is crucial to ensure that the small intestine receives food at a manageable rate for optimal digestion and absorption of nutrients. The cardiac sphincter (A) is located at the entrance of the stomach from the esophagus and prevents acid reflux. The ileo-colic valve (C) is located between the small and large intestines, controlling the flow of contents between them. The sphincter of Oddi (D) regulates the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the small intestine.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The falciform ligament separates the right and left lobes of the liver. This is because it attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and suspends it from the diaphragm, dividing the liver into right and left lobes. The quadrate, caudate, and pancreatic lobes are not separated by the falciform ligament, making choices A, C, and D incorrect, respectively.