Which enzyme catalyzes the addition of deoxynucleotides to the 3'OH ends of DNA molecules?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). TdT catalyzes the addition of deoxynucleotides to the 3'OH ends of DNA molecules. It does so by adding nucleotides in a template-independent manner, making it crucial for generating diversity in immune cell receptor genes. A: Phosphohydrolase - This enzyme is not involved in adding deoxynucleotides to DNA ends. B: T4 DNA ligase - This enzyme catalyzes the joining of DNA fragments, not the addition of deoxynucleotides. D: DNA endonuclease - This enzyme cleaves DNA internally, not involved in adding deoxynucleotides to DNA ends.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and the immune system, the correct answer to the question is option D) To follow a balanced and varied diet. This is the best dietary advice to maximize immune function in healthy individuals because a balanced diet provides all the necessary nutrients essential for a robust immune response. A balanced diet ensures that the body receives adequate vitamins, minerals, proteins, and other nutrients necessary for the proper functioning of the immune system. By consuming a variety of foods, individuals can ensure they are getting a wide range of nutrients that support immune function. Option A) To include immune-enhancing formulas is incorrect because relying on supplements or formulas alone may not provide the same benefits as a well-rounded diet. Whole foods contain a complex mix of nutrients that work synergistically to support overall health, including immune function. Option B) To avoid polyunsaturated fatty acids is also not the best advice as certain polyunsaturated fatty acids, like omega-3 fatty acids, are actually beneficial for the immune system. Omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties and play a role in regulating immune responses. Option C) To increase intake of essential fatty acids and omega-3 fatty acids is partially correct as omega-3 fatty acids are indeed beneficial for the immune system. However, solely focusing on one type of nutrient may lead to imbalances in the diet. Educationally, it is important to emphasize to students that a holistic approach to nutrition is key in supporting overall health and immune function. Encouraging a diverse and balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats is fundamental in maintaining a strong immune system.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In assessing a client with an autoimmune disorder, the nurse should look for localized inflammation (Option B) as a key sign. Autoimmune disorders are characterized by the immune system mistakenly attacking the body's own tissues, leading to inflammation in specific areas. Localized inflammation can manifest as joint pain, skin redness, or swelling in affected regions. Option A, hypotension, is less likely to be directly associated with autoimmune disorders. Hypotension is more commonly linked to conditions like dehydration, shock, or heart problems. Option C, hives or rashes, while they can be present in some autoimmune conditions like lupus, are not as specific to all autoimmune disorders. Option D, cramping and vomiting, are more indicative of gastrointestinal issues or food poisoning rather than autoimmune disorders. Educationally, understanding the specific signs and symptoms of autoimmune disorders is crucial for nurses to provide effective care. Recognizing the unique clinical manifestations of autoimmune diseases helps in early detection, management, and ensuring appropriate interventions are implemented promptly to improve patient outcomes. Regular education and training on autoimmune disorders and their varied presentations are essential for healthcare professionals to deliver quality care to individuals with these conditions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In a client with AIDS, a CD4 cell count above 500 mm³ would indicate that antiretroviral therapy is being effective. This is because a CD4 cell count is a crucial indicator of immune function in individuals living with HIV/AIDS. CD4 cells are a type of white blood cell that plays a central role in coordinating the immune response. In HIV/AIDS, the virus specifically targets and destroys CD4 cells, leading to a weakened immune system. When a person is on effective antiretroviral therapy, the medication helps to suppress the replication of the virus, allowing the CD4 cell count to increase. A CD4 count above 500 mm³ generally signifies a healthier immune system and a reduced risk of opportunistic infections in individuals with HIV/AIDS. Looking at the options, we can see why the other choices are incorrect: - A) 250 mm³ is too low and would indicate a compromised immune system. - B) 1000 mm³ is within the normal range but may not specifically indicate the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy. - D) 275 mm³ is also too low and would not be considered a positive response to treatment. Understanding CD4 cell counts and their significance in the context of HIV/AIDS is vital for healthcare professionals involved in the care of individuals with this condition. Monitoring CD4 counts helps in assessing the progression of the disease and the effectiveness of treatment interventions, such as antiretroviral therapy. It is essential for healthcare providers to interpret these results accurately to guide clinical decision-making and provide optimal care to patients with HIV/AIDS.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The occupational health nurse is trained to handle situations involving potential exposure to bloodborne pathogens. They can appropriately discuss the need for HIV testing with the patient and ensure that the process is handled confidentially and professionally. The nurse manager and the injured nurse should not directly approach the patient about this sensitive issue.