Which drug undergoes extensive first-pass hepatic metabolism?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Propranolol undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver. When administered orally, propranolol is extensively metabolized by the liver before reaching systemic circulation, leading to reduced bioavailability. This process is known as first-pass hepatic metabolism, which significantly affects the drug's effectiveness and necessitates higher oral doses compared to other routes of administration.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Spironolactone is classified as a potassium-sparing diuretic. It works by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the kidneys while promoting the retention of potassium and hydrogen ions. This mechanism of action helps in reducing fluid retention without causing excessive loss of potassium, which is a common side effect of other diuretics.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology education, understanding the potential adverse effects of medications is crucial for nurses to provide safe and effective care to their patients. In this scenario, the correct answer is A) Weight Gain. Oral prednisone, a corticosteroid commonly used in chronic asthma, can lead to weight gain as an adverse effect due to its impact on metabolism and fluid retention. Corticosteroids like prednisone can cause redistribution of fat, increased appetite, and fluid retention, all contributing to weight gain. Option B) Nervousness is incorrect because corticosteroids like prednisone typically cause mood changes like irritability or anxiety rather than nervousness. Option C) Bradycardia is incorrect as prednisone is not known to slow heart rate but can actually increase heart rate as a side effect. Option D) Constipation is also incorrect as prednisone is more likely to cause gastrointestinal disturbances like increased appetite, weight gain, or even abdominal discomfort. Educationally, this question reinforces the importance of recognizing common adverse effects of medications, promoting patient education on monitoring for these effects, and guiding nursing interventions to manage them effectively. Nurses play a vital role in patient education and monitoring for medication side effects to ensure optimal patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pharmacology, lithium is primarily used to stabilize mood, making option C the correct answer. Lithium is a mood-stabilizing medication commonly prescribed to treat bipolar disorder. It helps to reduce the severity and frequency of manic episodes, as well as decrease the risk of depressive episodes in individuals with bipolar disorder. Option A, lowering blood glucose, is incorrect because lithium does not have a direct effect on blood glucose levels. Option B, slowing the heart rate, is also incorrect as lithium does not typically impact heart rate. Option D, healing ulcers, is incorrect as lithium is not used to treat ulcers. Understanding the primary indications for lithium is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially those working with patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder. This knowledge ensures appropriate medication administration and optimal patient outcomes. It is essential for pharmacology students to grasp the specific uses of medications like lithium to provide safe and effective care to individuals with mental health conditions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Albuterol is a beta2-adrenergic agonist bronchodilator commonly used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions. A common side effect of Albuterol is paradoxical bronchospasm (Option A). This occurs when instead of dilating the airways, the medication causes them to constrict, leading to breathing difficulties. Option B, diarrhea, is not a common side effect of Albuterol. Option C, seizures, is not associated with the use of Albuterol unless in cases of overdose. Option D, vision loss, is not a known side effect of Albuterol either. In an educational context, understanding the side effects of medications is crucial for safe and effective patient care. It is important for healthcare professionals to be aware of common side effects to monitor and manage patients appropriately. In the case of Albuterol, recognizing the potential for paradoxical bronchospasm is essential for timely intervention and preventing further respiratory distress.