Which drug is formulated to be absorbed through the skin? Select all that apply.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Lidocaine. Lidocaine is formulated as a transdermal patch for skin absorption. It has a lipophilic structure and low molecular weight, facilitating its penetration through the skin layers. Clonidine and Propranolol are typically administered orally or intravenously, not through the skin. Nitroglycerin is also formulated for skin absorption, often used in patches for angina treatment. However, in this question, the focus is on which drug is specifically formulated for skin absorption, making Lidocaine the most appropriate choice.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Regular monitoring of the client's serum lithium levels is crucial to ensure that the drug levels are within a therapeutic range (not too low or too high) to effectively manage bipolar disorder. Maintaining therapeutic levels helps prevent relapse of symptoms and minimizes the risk of toxicity. Monitoring also allows for adjustments in dosage if needed. Choice A is incorrect because blood-drug incompatibilities are not the primary reason for monitoring lithium levels. Choice C is incorrect because monitoring lithium levels is not to determine the need for additional medications. Choice D is incorrect because monitoring is not primarily to confirm adherence, although it can provide information on compliance.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer C: 1. Albumin is a major plasma protein that binds to drugs. 2. Hypoalbuminemia means less albumin is available to bind drugs. 3. Less albumin results in more free drug in the bloodstream. 4. Free drug is pharmacologically active and can generate effects. 5. Therefore, with less albumin, less free drug is available to generate an effect. Summary: A: Distribution of drugs may be affected by protein binding, not albumin levels. B: Solubility matching absorption sites is more related to drug formulation. D: Albumin-bound drugs are not readily excreted by the kidney; they are protected from filtration.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because storage reservoirs increase the length of time a drug is available and active in the body. By administering medroxyprogesterone IM, a storage reservoir is created in the muscle tissue, allowing for a slow and sustained release of the drug over time. This helps maintain therapeutic levels of the medication in the bloodstream, prolonging its effects. Incorrect answers: A: Assuring the drug reaches its intended target tissue is related to factors such as drug transport mechanisms, not storage reservoirs. B: Loading doses are given to achieve therapeutic levels quickly, not necessarily due to storage reservoirs. D: Storage reservoirs are not limited to collagen tissues; they can be present in various tissues depending on the drug's properties.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Onset of action. This is the point in time when the drug concentration reaches a level where the therapeutic effect begins to be observed. The onset of action signifies the start of the drug's intended effect on the body. The minimum adverse effect level (Choice A) refers to the lowest concentration at which side effects may occur, not the therapeutic effect. The peak of action (Choice B) is the point when the drug's effect is at its maximum, not necessarily the first sign of therapeutic effect. The therapeutic range (Choice D) is the range of drug concentrations that produce the desired therapeutic effect without causing significant side effects, but it does not specifically indicate the onset of therapeutic action.