Which drug is effective in managing mild to moderate hypotension?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine). Phenylephrine is a potent vasoconstrictor that can increase blood pressure, making it effective in managing mild to moderate hypotension. It works by stimulating alpha-adrenergic receptors, leading to vasoconstriction and increased peripheral vascular resistance, ultimately raising blood pressure. Other choices are incorrect: B: Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic drug used to treat irregular heart rhythms, not hypotension. C: Ibutilide is a class III antiarrhythmic agent used for maintaining normal heart rhythm, not for managing hypotension. D: Milrinone is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that increases cardiac contractility and vasodilation, primarily used in heart failure, not specifically for managing hypotension.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because observing a PAWP waveform when the balloon of the catheter is deflated indicates improper positioning of the catheter. If the catheter is not properly positioned, it can lead to inaccurate pressure readings and pose a risk for complications such as pulmonary infarction or pulmonary artery rupture. Repositioning the catheter immediately is crucial to ensure accurate monitoring and prevent potential harm to the patient. A: This choice is incorrect because the presence of a PAWP waveform does not necessarily indicate occlusion of the catheter with a thrombus. B: This choice is incorrect because the development of pulmonary edema would typically result in a different waveform pattern, not specifically a PAWP waveform. C: This choice is incorrect because the risk of an air embolism is not directly related to observing a PAWP waveform when the catheter is deflated.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because it demonstrates active listening and encourages the patient to express their reasoning, which helps in understanding their perspective. By asking the patient to explain why they don't feel the need for lifestyle changes, it opens up dialogue and allows for exploration of their beliefs and concerns. This approach can uncover underlying issues, provide insight into their readiness for change, and guide the conversation towards addressing their specific barriers or misconceptions. Choice A is incorrect as it assumes the family's desires without directly addressing the patient's concerns. Choice C jumps to conclusions about the patient's denial stage without exploring their thoughts. Choice D is directive and may come across as dismissive of the patient's autonomy and readiness for change.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because baroreceptors sense changes in blood pressure and send signals to the brain. When blood pressure is high, baroreceptors signal the brain to decrease heart rate via the parasympathetic nervous system. When blood pressure is low, baroreceptors signal the brain to increase heart rate via the sympathetic nervous system. This regulatory mechanism helps maintain blood pressure within a normal range. Choice A is incorrect because it does not mention the role of baroreceptors in sensing blood pressure changes. Choice B is incorrect because it does not explain the specific mechanism by which baroreceptors regulate heart rate. Choice D is incorrect because it does not address the involvement of the brain in the regulation of heart rate by baroreceptors.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because older adults with heart and blood vessel diseases are more susceptible to thrombophlebitis due to reduced mobility, which can lead to blood pooling and clot formation in the veins. Reduced mobility can result from various reasons such as age-related muscle weakness, joint stiffness, and overall frailty. This stagnant blood flow increases the risk of clot formation, especially in the lower extremities. Choice B is incorrect because it contradicts the concept of reduced mobility in older adults. Choice C is incorrect as the use of IV drugs and chemicals is not directly linked to thrombophlebitis in this context. Choice D is incorrect as diet restrictions, although important for cardiovascular health, do not directly contribute to the susceptibility of thrombophlebitis in older adults with heart and blood vessel diseases.