Which drug is contraindicated in patients with a history of hepatic disease or dysfunction?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Valproate. Valproate is contraindicated in patients with hepatic disease because it can cause severe liver damage. Patients with a history of hepatic dysfunction are at higher risk of developing hepatotoxicity with valproate use. A: Lamotrigine is generally safe in patients with hepatic disease and does not have a significant impact on liver function. C: Carbamazepine can also be used cautiously in patients with hepatic disease, although dose adjustments may be necessary. D: Phenytoin is metabolized in the liver, but it is not as strongly associated with liver toxicity as valproate. Therefore, valproate is the correct answer due to its potential for severe hepatotoxicity in patients with hepatic disease or dysfunction.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Non-narcotic analgesics, such as NSAIDs and acetaminophen, have multiple effects including anti-inflammatory (A), analgesic (B), and antipyretic (C) effects. Anti-inflammatory effect helps reduce inflammation, analgesic effect helps relieve pain, and antipyretic effect helps reduce fever. Therefore, the correct answer is D as non-narcotic analgesics exhibit all these effects. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because non-narcotic analgesics do not have just one of these effects but rather a combination of all three.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Amitriptyline. Tricyclic antidepressants, like Amitriptyline, have a tricyclic chemical structure. They work by affecting neurotransmitters in the brain. Nefazodone (A) is a serotonin modulator, Fluoxetine (C) is an SSRI, and Isocarboxazid (D) is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, not related to tricyclic antidepressants.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sydnocarb. Sydnocarb is a CNS psychostimulant that is a sydnonymine derivative. This is because the chemical structure of Sydnocarb contains the sydnone imine group, which is characteristic of sydnonimine derivatives. A: Caffeine is not a sydnonimine derivative, as it does not contain the sydnone imine group. C: Meridil (methylphenidate hydrochloride) is not a sydnonimine derivative, as it does not contain the sydnone imine group. D: Amphetamine is not a sydnonimine derivative, as it does not contain the sydnone imine group.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step 1: Psychologic dependence can involve decreased responsiveness (tolerance) to a drug due to repeated exposure. Step 2: It can also manifest as drug-specific withdrawal symptoms upon sudden discontinuation. Step 3: Additionally, psychologic dependence includes compulsive drug-seeking behavior. Step 4: Therefore, the correct answer is D, as it encompasses all these aspects of psychologic dependence. Summary: A is incorrect as it only covers tolerance, B is incorrect as it focuses solely on withdrawal symptoms, and C is incorrect as it mentions only compulsive drug-seeking behavior. The correct answer, D, includes all these components, making it the most comprehensive choice.