Which drug is an analog of prostaglandin E1?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Misoprostol. Misoprostol is an analog of prostaglandin E1, as it shares similar pharmacological properties. Prostaglandin E1 helps protect the stomach lining and promotes healing of ulcers. Misoprostol, by mimicking prostaglandin E1, can be used to prevent and treat ulcers caused by NSAIDs. De-nol (B) and sucralfate (C) work differently by forming a protective barrier over ulcers. Omeprazole (D) is a proton pump inhibitor that reduces stomach acid production, not an analog of prostaglandin E1.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, both Nifedipine and Verapamil are contraindicated in patients with moderate to severe heart failure due to their negative inotropic effects. These drugs can worsen heart failure symptoms by further reducing cardiac output. Nifedipine and Verapamil are calcium channel blockers that can lead to decreased contractility of the heart muscle, exacerbating heart failure. Choice A (Nifedipine) and choice B (Verapamil) are incorrect because they can be harmful in patients with heart failure. Choice D (None of the above) is incorrect as both drugs should be avoided in this patient population.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Propranolol. Propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker that can cause bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma due to its beta-blocking effects on beta-2 receptors in the lungs. This can worsen asthma symptoms and potentially lead to an asthma attack. Clonidine (B), Enalapril (C), and Nifedipine (D) do not have direct effects on bronchial smooth muscle and are not contraindicated in patients with bronchial asthma.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Growth hormone (somatotropin GH). The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland produces growth hormone. This hormone regulates growth, metabolism, and body composition. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) are produced by the hypothalamus to stimulate the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone, respectively. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) is also produced by the hypothalamus to stimulate the release of growth hormone. Therefore, the correct answer is C as it directly originates from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, unlike the other options.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step 1: Sulphonylureas can cause hypoglycemia, weight gain, and gastrointestinal issues. Step 2: Biguanides can cause gastrointestinal issues and lactic acidosis. Step 3: Biguanides have fewer side effects compared to sulphonylureas. Step 4: Therefore, the statement that side effects of sulphonylureas are less than biguanides is FALSE. Summary: Choice B is correct because biguanides have fewer side effects than sulphonylureas, making the statement false. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the statement is not true for all options.