Which drug has GI disturbances as a major side effect?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Voglibose. Voglibose is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor commonly used in diabetes management. Its major side effect is GI disturbances due to its mechanism of action in delaying carbohydrate absorption in the intestines. This can lead to flatulence, bloating, and diarrhea. Metformin (choice A) commonly causes GI upset but is not its major side effect. Rosiglitazone (choice B) is associated with weight gain and edema, not GI disturbances. Repaglinide (choice D) can cause hypoglycemia and weight gain, but not major GI disturbances.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step 1: PPAR-γ is a nuclear receptor involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. Step 2: Ciglitazone is a thiazolidinedione that specifically targets PPAR-γ. Step 3: Ciglitazone activates PPAR-γ to improve insulin sensitivity and regulate gene expression. Step 4: Metformin (B) works by reducing glucose production in the liver, not targeting PPAR-γ. Step 5: Tolazamide (C) and Repaglinide (D) are both sulfonylureas that stimulate insulin release from the pancreas, not acting on PPAR-γ.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: zygote. After fertilization, the sperm and egg fuse to form a zygote, which is the first cell of a new organism with a full set of chromosomes. A. Gamete refers to the sex cells (sperm and egg) before fusion. B. Embryo is the developmental stage after the zygote undergoes multiple cell divisions. C. Fetus is the term used for the developing organism after the embryo stage. Therefore, the correct term for the cell produced by fertilization is zygote as it represents the initial stage of the new organism's development.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: vulva. The vulva includes all the external female genitalia, such as the labia, clitoris, and mons pubis. It is the correct term that encompasses all these structures. The other choices, A, C, and D, represent specific parts of the female external genitalia and do not cover all components collectively. So, B is the best answer as it accurately describes the entire external female genitalia.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why A (oxytocin) is the correct answer: 1. Oxytocin is known as the "love hormone" and is primarily responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during labor. 2. It is produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland. 3. Oxytocin plays a crucial role in childbirth, breastfeeding, and bonding between mother and child. Summary: B: Estrogen is a female sex hormone that regulates the menstrual cycle and development of female secondary sexual characteristics. C: Granular cell carcinoma is a type of cancer that does not have any relation to uterine contractions. D: Progesterone is another female sex hormone that helps maintain pregnancy and prepare the body for childbirth, but it does not directly stimulate uterine contractions like oxytocin does.