Which drug goes through extensive first-pass hepatic metabolism?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Propranolol goes through extensive first-pass hepatic metabolism. This means that after oral administration, a significant portion of the drug is metabolized by the liver before it reaches systemic circulation. This process reduces the bioavailability of propranolol. As a result, higher doses are often required for oral administration compared to other routes of administration, such as intravenous. Heparin, insulin, nitroglycerine, and warfarin do not undergo extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Warfarin is an anticoagulant medication that works by inhibiting the production of certain clotting factors in the liver, specifically factors II, VII, IX, and X. By doing so, warfarin prevents the formation of new blood clots. It does not have the ability to dissolve existing blood clots, as that function is typically carried out by different types of medications known as thrombolytics. Warfarin is commonly prescribed to prevent and treat blood clots in conditions such as atrial fibrillation, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Pharmacodynamics refers to the study of how drugs exert their effects on the body, including the interactions between a drug and its target molecule or receptor leading to a biological response. Understanding a drug's mechanism of action involves determining how it interacts with specific receptors, enzymes, ion channels, or other molecular targets within the body to produce the desired therapeutic effects. Pharmacokinetics, on the other hand, involves the study of how drugs move through the body, including their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, which although important for determining effective drug dosages and concentrations, does not directly provide insight into how a drug exerts its pharmacological effects. Therapeutic action refers to the overall clinical effect of the drug in treating a specific condition, which is influenced by its pharmacodynamics. Pharmaceutical preparations involve drug formulation and delivery methods, such as tablets, injections, or creams, which affect a drug's bioavailability but do not determine its specific mechanism of action.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The first pass effect refers to the metabolism of a drug as it passes through the liver before reaching the systemic circulation. When a drug is absorbed from the gut lumen, it first enters the portal circulation where it is transported to the liver. In the liver, the drug may undergo metabolic processes that can reduce the amount of active drug reaching systemic circulation. This process can greatly affect the overall bioavailability and effectiveness of the drug. So, the metabolism of the drug en route from the gut lumen to the systemic circulation is primarily due to the first pass effect.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. It is a complex phenomenon involving both physical and emotional components. Pain serves as a protective mechanism, alerting the body to potential harm or injury, and prompting appropriate responses to prevent further damage. Pain can be acute or chronic, and may vary in intensity, duration, and location depending on the underlying cause. Analgesia refers to the relief of pain, inflammation is the body's response to injury or infection, and irritation typically refers to a mild reaction to something that is uncomfortable or annoying, but not necessarily indicating tissue damage.