Which disorder among the following is characterized by shifts in mood as well as changes in activity and energy levels, involves experiencing shifts between elevated moods and periods of depression?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Bipolar disorder, also known as manic depressive disorder, is defined by shifts in mood, activity, and energy levels, including episodes of mania (elevated moods) and depression. Unlike mania or hypomania, which are symptoms, and schizophrenia, which involves psychosis rather than mood swings, bipolar disorder encompasses both extremes, often with normal mood periods in between, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Deefer receives a treat every time he performs the behavior during initial training, which is continuous reinforcement (C). Partial reinforcement (A) involves intermittent rewards, negative reinforcement (B) removes an aversive stimulus, and fixed interval reinforcement (D) involves time-based rewards, none of which apply here.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.