Which disease of the following can cause distributive shock?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the causes of distributive shock is crucial for providing effective care to critically ill children. Distributive shock is characterized by systemic vasodilation leading to inadequate perfusion of organs and tissues. Among the options provided, early septic shock (Option C) is the correct answer that can cause distributive shock in pediatric patients. Septic shock is a type of distributive shock where an infection triggers a systemic inflammatory response, leading to vasodilation and increased capillary permeability. This can result in decreased systemic vascular resistance and impaired tissue perfusion, ultimately leading to distributive shock. Option A, cardiac tamponade, is a type of obstructive shock caused by compression of the heart due to fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac. It does not directly lead to distributive shock. Option B, dehydration, can lead to hypovolemic shock due to a decrease in circulating blood volume. While dehydration can cause hemodynamic instability, it does not cause distributive shock. Option D, critical aortic stenosis, is a type of obstructive shock where there is obstruction to blood flow out of the heart. It does not directly cause distributive shock. Educationally, it is important for pediatric nurses to differentiate the types of shock and their underlying causes to provide prompt and appropriate interventions. Recognizing early signs of distributive shock, such as in septic shock, and initiating timely treatment, such as fluid resuscitation and antibiotics, can significantly impact patient outcomes. Understanding the pathophysiology of shock conditions empowers nurses to deliver safe and effective care to pediatric patients in critical situations.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Parvovirus type B19. In hereditary spherocytosis, red blood cells have a decreased lifespan leading to hemolytic anemia. When a child with hereditary spherocytosis contracts Parvovirus B19, it can lead to transient aplastic crisis due to the virus's affinity for erythroid progenitor cells, causing a temporary halt in red blood cell production. Option A) German measles virus (Rubella) is not associated with transient aplastic crisis in hereditary spherocytosis. Option B) Human herpes virus 6 typically presents with roseola in children and is not linked to aplastic crisis in hereditary spherocytosis. Option C) Adenovirus commonly causes respiratory and gastrointestinal infections but is not a common cause of aplastic crisis in hereditary spherocytosis. Educationally, understanding the association between specific viral infections and hematologic complications in hereditary spherocytosis is crucial for pediatric nurses. This knowledge helps in timely recognition, management, and education of patients and families about potential triggers for complications in this genetic disorder. By linking theory to practice, nurses can provide comprehensive care to children with hereditary spherocytosis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the different types of shock and their associated clinical presentations is crucial for providing effective care. In this question, the correct answer is A) Cardiogenic. Shock associated with increased central venous pressure is indicative of cardiogenic shock, which occurs when the heart is unable to pump effectively, leading to blood backing up into the venous system. Option B) Hypovolemic shock is characterized by low circulating blood volume, resulting in decreased central venous pressure. This type of shock is typically caused by significant blood loss or dehydration. Option C) Septic shock is a type of distributive shock where systemic infection leads to widespread vasodilation and decreased systemic vascular resistance, resulting in low central venous pressure. Option D) Distributive shock, such as septic shock or anaphylactic shock, is characterized by decreased systemic vascular resistance and low central venous pressure due to the inappropriate distribution of blood flow. Educationally, this question emphasizes the importance of recognizing the different types of shock and their distinct clinical manifestations. Understanding these distinctions is essential for accurate assessment, diagnosis, and timely intervention in pediatric patients experiencing shock. By grasping these concepts, nurses can provide targeted and effective care to improve patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Anaphylactic shock. Anaphylactic shock is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that can occur in response to a vaccine, such as the MMR vaccine. In this scenario, the symptoms of flushing, tachycardia, and weak peripheral pulses are classic signs of anaphylactic shock, which is caused by a rapid release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators. Option A) Cardiogenic shock is unlikely in this case as there is no mention of cardiac dysfunction or structural heart issues in the scenario. Option B) Distributive shock, such as septic shock, typically presents with warm extremities, bounding pulses, and signs of infection, which are not seen in this case. Option C) Hypovolemic shock is characterized by decreased circulating blood volume leading to poor perfusion, which is not consistent with the symptoms described in the scenario. In the context of pediatric nursing, it is crucial to be able to recognize and respond promptly to allergic reactions, especially in the setting of vaccination. Understanding the signs and symptoms of anaphylactic shock and knowing how to administer appropriate treatment, such as epinephrine, is essential for pediatric nurses to ensure the safety and well-being of their young patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, administering the correct dose of medications is crucial for patient safety and positive outcomes. In the case of adrenaline (epinephrine) IV for cardiac arrest in pediatric patients, the correct dose is 10 micrograms/kg. The rationale behind this dosing is based on the need to provide an adequate but not excessive amount of adrenaline to support the pediatric patient's circulation during cardiac arrest. Administering too high a dose can lead to adverse effects such as arrhythmias, hypertension, and increased myocardial oxygen demand. Option A, 10 microgram/kg, is the correct dose as it follows the standard guidelines for pediatric advanced life support. Options B, C, and D are incorrect due to their significantly higher dosages, which can be harmful and potentially life-threatening in pediatric patients. In an educational context, it is essential for pediatric nurses to have a strong understanding of medication dosages and calculations, especially for critical situations like cardiac arrest. By knowing the correct dosages and rationale behind them, nurses can provide safe and effective care to pediatric patients in need of urgent interventions. Regular review and practice of medication calculations through certification practice questions can help reinforce this knowledge and enhance patient care skills.