Which disease causes connective tissue changes that cause glomerulonephritis?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). SLE is an autoimmune disease that can affect multiple organs, including the kidneys. In SLE, the immune system attacks healthy tissues, leading to inflammation and damage to the connective tissues in the kidneys, resulting in glomerulonephritis. Gout (A) is a form of arthritis caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals, not directly related to glomerulonephritis. Amyloidosis (B) is a condition where abnormal protein deposits can accumulate in organs, but it does not primarily cause glomerulonephritis. Diabetes mellitus (C) can lead to diabetic nephropathy, a common cause of kidney damage, but it does not directly cause glomerulonephritis associated with connective tissue changes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Automated peritoneal dialysis (APD). In APD, the patient connects to a machine at night for dialysis while sleeping, and during the day, the dialysis fluid remains in the abdomen. This allows for continuous treatment without the need for daytime exchanges. A: Long nocturnal hemodialysis involves nighttime hemodialysis sessions but does not involve leaving fluid in the abdomen during the day. C: Continuous venovenous hemofiltration is a continuous renal replacement therapy used in critically ill patients, not for ambulatory dialysis. D: Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) requires manual exchanges throughout the day, unlike APD where the fluid remains in the abdomen during the day.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: increase fluid intake. Adequate hydration helps prevent the formation of kidney stones by diluting the substances in the urine that can lead to stone formation. Increasing fluid intake can also help flush out minerals and toxins from the kidneys. A: Taking prophylactic antibiotics daily is not recommended for preventing renal calculi as it can lead to antibiotic resistance and potential side effects. C: Taking megadoses of vitamin C daily can actually increase the risk of kidney stone formation as excess vitamin C can be converted into oxalate, a substance known to contribute to stone formation. D: While adequate rest and stress reduction are important for overall health, they do not directly prevent the recurrence of renal calculi.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: nausea and vomiting due to too rapid removal of fluid during peritoneal or hemodialysis. This is because rapid removal of fluid can lead to electrolyte imbalances and changes in blood pressure, causing nausea and vomiting. Choice B is incorrect because movement of red blood cells across the dialyzing membrane is not a common physical problem during dialysis. Choice C is incorrect because movement of glucose from the dialyzing solution into the blood is not typically associated with physical problems during dialysis. Choice D is incorrect because water intoxication from excessive fluid removal can occur, but it is not the most common physical problem during dialysis.