Which disease can cause distributive shock?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding shock is crucial as it is a life-threatening condition. Distributive shock is characterized by decreased systemic vascular resistance, leading to poor tissue perfusion. Early septic shock, option C, is the correct answer as it is a common cause of distributive shock in children. In septic shock, an overwhelming infection triggers a systemic inflammatory response, causing vasodilation and maldistribution of blood flow. Option A, cardiac tamponade, is incorrect because it is a form of obstructive shock where fluid accumulates in the pericardial sac, compressing the heart and impeding its ability to pump effectively. Option B, dehydration, can lead to hypovolemic shock due to decreased circulating blood volume, not distributive shock. Option D, critical aortic stenosis, is associated with obstructive shock caused by impaired ventricular outflow, not distributive shock. Educationally, it is important for pediatric nurses to be able to differentiate the types of shock and their underlying causes to provide prompt and appropriate interventions. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of distributive shock, such as early septic shock, is essential for timely management to prevent further deterioration in pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: During cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of an infant, chest compressions should be performed with 2 fingers of one hand. This technique is recommended by the American Heart Association for infants as their chests are smaller and more delicate than adults. Using two fingers allows for proper pressure to be applied without causing harm to the infant's chest. Option A: Using the heel of one hand and the other hand on top is not recommended for infant CPR as it may apply too much pressure and cause injury to the infant's chest. Option B: Using the heel of one hand only is not the correct technique for infant CPR. This method may not provide adequate pressure to effectively compress the infant's chest. Option C: Using 4 fingers of one hand is also not the appropriate method for infant CPR. Using only 4 fingers may not allow for precise and effective chest compressions. Educational Context: It is crucial for healthcare providers and caregivers to be trained in infant CPR to respond effectively in emergency situations. Proper chest compression technique is essential to ensure the best chance of survival for an infant in cardiac arrest. By using two fingers of one hand, individuals can deliver appropriate chest compressions while minimizing the risk of injury. Practicing and mastering infant CPR techniques through training and regular review of procedures can help improve outcomes in emergency situations involving infants.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is C) Dilute artificial formula. Total body sodium depletion occurs when there is an inadequate amount of sodium in the body relative to the amount of water. This condition can be caused by the administration of dilute artificial formula, which lacks sufficient sodium content to maintain proper electrolyte balance in the body. Option A) SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone) is characterized by water retention rather than sodium depletion. Excessive release of ADH leads to water retention and dilutional hyponatremia. Option B) Psychogenic polydipsia is excessive thirst often leading to water intoxication but does not directly cause total body sodium depletion. Option D) Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder characterized by proteinuria, edema, and hypoalbuminemia. While it can lead to edema due to reduced plasma oncotic pressure, it is not primarily associated with total body sodium depletion. From an educational perspective, understanding electrolyte imbalances in pediatric patients is crucial for pediatric nurses. Recognizing the causes and consequences of total body sodium depletion can guide appropriate interventions to restore electrolyte balance and prevent complications. Nurses need to be able to differentiate between various conditions affecting sodium levels to provide optimal care for pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Medullary relapse. In acute leukemia, medullary relapse is the most common type of relapse. This is because leukemia primarily affects the bone marrow, where blood cells are produced. A medullary relapse indicates a recurrence of leukemia in the bone marrow, which is a common site for leukemia cells to proliferate. Option A) Clinical relapse refers to the return of symptoms and signs of leukemia, but it does not specify the location. Option C) CNS relapse involves the central nervous system and is less common in acute leukemia. Option D) Testicular relapse is specific to leukemia recurrence in the testes, which is less common compared to medullary relapse. In an educational context, understanding the types of relapse in acute leukemia is crucial for pediatric nurses caring for children with this condition. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of relapse, especially medullary relapse, allows nurses to provide prompt and appropriate interventions to manage the recurrence of leukemia. This knowledge enhances the quality of care and improves outcomes for pediatric patients with acute leukemia.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding sodium homeostasis is crucial due to its impact on a child's health. The volume of distribution of sodium refers to the theoretical volume in which a given amount of sodium would need to be uniformly distributed to produce the observed serum concentration. The correct answer is D) 0.6. Explanation: Sodium primarily exists in the extracellular fluid, with a distribution of 0.6 L/kg in the body. This means that for every kilogram of body weight, sodium is distributed in 0.6 liters of fluid. Understanding this value is essential for calculating sodium deficits or excesses accurately in pediatric patients. Why others are wrong: A) 0.2, B) 0.3, and C) 0.5 are incorrect because they do not reflect the actual volume of distribution of sodium in the body. Choosing any of these options would lead to miscalculations in determining sodium imbalances and could potentially harm pediatric patients. Educational context: Pediatric nurses must grasp the fundamental concepts of sodium homeostasis to provide safe and effective care to children. By knowing the correct volume of distribution of sodium, nurses can accurately assess, monitor, and manage sodium levels in pediatric patients, especially those at risk of dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, or other sodium-related conditions. This knowledge is vital in preventing complications and promoting optimal health outcomes in pediatric nursing practice.