Which condition is characterized by excessive urine output?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Polyuria is excess urine not anuria (none), oliguria (low), or nocturia (night). This defines high output, critical for diabetes detection, contrasting with reduced states.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: JGA (vascular pole, JG cells in afferent arterioles, macula densa) excludes intra-glomerular mesangial cells not part of JGA. This corrects JGA scope, critical for RAAS, contrasting with glomerular cells.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Medullipin I isn't from peritubular endothelium (medullary interstitial cells) other associations (PCT/brush, bladder/transitional, DCT/macula) are correct. This corrects hormone source, key for BP regulation, contrasting with true pairs.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Columns of Bertin are cortical tissue between pyramids not rays (cortex-medulla), interlobular (vague), or sinus (cavity). This repeats Q4, key for anatomy, contrasting with other terms.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Assuming Q38 completes with options (e.g., medulla vs. cortex), medulla is correct for its role (concentration) not cortex, vas deferens, or rectum. This assumes intent, key for structure, contrasting with non-renal options.