Which condition is characterized by a chronic cough that produces mucus, often caused by long-term exposure to irritants?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by a chronic cough that produces mucus due to long-term exposure to irritants, such as cigarette smoke or air pollution. This condition leads to inflammation and narrowing of the airways, resulting in excessive mucus production. Tuberculosis (B) is a bacterial infection causing symptoms like coughing up blood, while asthma (C) is characterized by wheezing and shortness of breath. Sinusitis (D) involves inflammation of the sinuses, leading to symptoms like facial pain and congestion.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Orthopnea refers to difficulty breathing when lying flat, relieved by sitting up. 2. Dyspnea is a general term for difficulty breathing, not specific to lying flat. 3. Tachypnea is rapid breathing, not related to difficulty breathing when lying flat. 4. Bradypnea is slow breathing, not related to difficulty breathing when lying flat. Thus, the correct answer is A (Orthopnea), as it specifically describes the condition of requiring multiple pillows to sleep comfortably due to difficulty breathing when lying flat.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for A being correct: 1. Goodpasture syndrome is an autoimmune disease where the body produces antibodies against collagen in the lungs and kidneys. 2. Antibodies attack the basement membrane of the lungs and kidneys, leading to severe respiratory and renal damage. 3. Symptoms include coughing up blood, difficulty breathing, and kidney failure. 4. Treatment involves immunosuppressive therapy and plasma exchange to remove harmful antibodies. Summary: - B: Sarcoidosis involves granulomas in multiple organs but typically not lung-kidney damage. - C: Wegener's granulomatosis affects the respiratory tract and kidneys but involves inflammation, not antibodies against collagen. - D: Interstitial lung disease is a broad term for various lung conditions but doesn't specifically involve the immune system attacking lungs and kidneys.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Angioplasty. This procedure uses a balloon to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels in the heart. First, a catheter with a deflated balloon is inserted into the blocked artery. Then, the balloon is inflated to widen the artery and improve blood flow. This is a minimally invasive procedure commonly used to treat coronary artery disease. Choice B: Coronary artery bypass graft involves using blood vessels from another part of the body to bypass blocked arteries, not using a balloon. Choice C: Stent placement involves inserting a mesh tube to keep the artery open, but it does not use a balloon to open the vessel. Choice D: Valve replacement is a procedure to replace damaged heart valves and does not involve using a balloon to open narrowed arteries.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the bronchial tubes, often caused by smoking. This condition leads to persistent coughing and mucus production. Emphysema (B) is a separate condition where the air sacs in the lungs are damaged, causing shortness of breath. Asthma (C) is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by airway inflammation and bronchospasms, triggered by various factors. Tuberculosis (D) is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs, causing symptoms like coughing up blood and weight loss. Chronic bronchitis specifically relates to the inflammation and narrowing of the bronchial tubes due to smoking.