Which condition is associated with the presence of HLA-B27 antigen?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Ankylosing spondylitis. The presence of HLA-B27 antigen is strongly associated with ankylosing spondylitis, a chronic inflammatory disease primarily affecting the spine and sacroiliac joints. This antigen plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of the disease by triggering an autoimmune response leading to inflammation and tissue damage. Option B) Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease but is not specifically associated with HLA-B27 antigen. Systemic lupus erythematosus primarily involves multiple organ systems and presents with a range of symptoms including skin rashes, joint pain, and kidney involvement. Option C) Rheumatoid arthritis is another autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation and destruction. However, it is not directly linked to the presence of HLA-B27 antigen. Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with the production of rheumatoid factor and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies. Option D) Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone changes. It is not an autoimmune condition and is not related to the HLA-B27 antigen. Educationally, understanding the association between specific antigens like HLA-B27 and certain diseases is crucial for pediatric nurses when assessing and managing pediatric patients with autoimmune conditions. Recognizing these relationships can aid in early diagnosis, appropriate management, and improved outcomes for pediatric patients with these conditions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the hallmark features of dermatomyositis is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective management. The correct answer is D) All of the above. Dermatomyositis is characterized by a combination of muscle weakness and skin rash, making it a unique condition. Muscle weakness is a significant feature of dermatomyositis, often involving proximal muscles such as the shoulders and hips. This weakness can lead to difficulties with mobility and activities of daily living in affected children. The presence of a rash is another key feature of dermatomyositis. The rash typically appears on the face, elbows, knees, and knuckles, with a characteristic reddish or purplish discoloration. This rash is often described as a heliotrope rash and can help differentiate dermatomyositis from other conditions. Joint pain, on the other hand, is not a hallmark feature of dermatomyositis. While children with dermatomyositis may experience muscle pain and discomfort, joint pain is not a primary characteristic of this condition. Educationally, understanding the unique clinical presentation of dermatomyositis is essential for nurses caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing the triad of muscle weakness, rash, and other associated symptoms can prompt timely intervention and appropriate referrals to specialists for further evaluation and treatment. This knowledge enhances the quality of care provided to children with dermatomyositis and contributes to better outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: Still's disease, also known as systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis, is characterized by systemic inflammation affecting multiple organs. The correct answer is D) All of the above. Fever is a hallmark feature of Still's disease, often presenting as a high spiking fever that recurs daily. Rash is another common manifestation, typically a salmon-pink maculopapular rash that appears with the fever spikes. Arthritis is also a key symptom, with joint inflammation and pain being prevalent in affected individuals. Option A) Fever is correct because it is a defining characteristic of Still's disease and helps differentiate it from other conditions. Option B) Rash is also correct as it is a common skin manifestation seen in patients with Still's disease. Option C) Arthritis is correct as joint involvement is a significant component of the disease. Educationally, understanding the clinical presentation of Still's disease is crucial for healthcare providers caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing these hallmark features can aid in early diagnosis and prompt initiation of treatment to prevent complications and improve outcomes. This knowledge is essential for pediatric nurses who play a key role in assessing, managing, and educating patients and families affected by rheumatologic conditions like Still's disease.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, offer numerous benefits. The correct answer, option A, highlights the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions as a key advantage of renewable energy. This is because these sources do not produce the same levels of carbon dioxide and other pollutants as fossil fuels, thus helping mitigate climate change and its associated health risks. Option B, increased reliance on fossil fuels, is incorrect because the whole point of renewable energy is to move away from dependence on non-renewable resources like coal and oil. Option C, higher air pollution, is also incorrect as renewable energy sources actually contribute to cleaner air quality by reducing harmful emissions. Option D, greater water usage, is not a typical issue associated with renewable energy, as these sources generally require minimal water compared to traditional power plants. From an educational standpoint, understanding the benefits of renewable energy is crucial for healthcare professionals, including pediatric nurses. Climate change has significant implications for children's health, with effects ranging from increased respiratory illnesses due to air pollution to the spread of vector-borne diseases. By promoting awareness of renewable energy benefits, nurses can advocate for sustainable practices that support a healthier environment for children and future generations.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) indomethacin. Indomethacin belongs to a class of NSAIDs known to cause a unique skin reaction called "fixed drug eruption." This reaction presents as small, hypopigmented, depressed scars after resolution of the initial rash. The mechanism is thought to involve immune-mediated cytotoxicity resulting in localized tissue damage. Celecoxib (A) and meloxicam (B) are selective COX-2 inhibitors and are not typically associated with fixed drug eruptions. Ibuprofen (D) is a non-selective NSAID, but it is less commonly linked to this specific skin reaction compared to indomethacin. In a pediatric nursing context, understanding the potential adverse effects of medications like NSAIDs is crucial for safe and effective patient care. Recognizing unique drug reactions can aid in prompt identification, management, and prevention of similar occurrences in the future. This question highlights the importance of pharmacovigilance and critical thinking in pediatric nursing practice.