Which condition is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, which may fill with fluid?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pneumonia. Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in the lungs, causing them to fill with fluid. This leads to symptoms such as cough, fever, and difficulty breathing. Bronchitis (B) is inflammation of the bronchial tubes, not the air sacs. Tuberculosis (C) is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs but does not always lead to fluid accumulation. Cystic fibrosis (D) is a genetic disorder that affects the lungs but does not involve infection or fluid accumulation in the air sacs.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Emphysema. Emphysema is a condition where the lung's air sacs are damaged and enlarged, leading to breathlessness. This occurs due to the destruction of the alveoli walls, causing reduced surface area for gas exchange and airflow obstruction. Chronic bronchitis (B) involves inflammation of the bronchial tubes, not alveoli damage. Asthma (C) is characterized by airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction, not alveoli damage. Pulmonary fibrosis (D) is scarring of lung tissue, not enlargement of the alveoli.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Echocardiogram. An echocardiogram uses sound waves to create images of the heart, providing information on its structure and function. It helps doctors assess the heart's pumping ability, valve function, and overall health. MRI (B) uses magnets and radio waves to create detailed images but does not rely on sound waves. CT scan (C) uses X-rays to produce images and is not specific to the heart. X-ray (D) provides a basic image of the heart but lacks the detail and functionality assessment of an echocardiogram.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). An ECG measures the electrical activity of the heart, detecting heart rhythm problems such as arrhythmias. It is a non-invasive test that provides valuable information on the heart's function. A chest X-ray (B) is used to visualize the heart and lungs but does not measure electrical activity. MRI (C) and CT scan (D) are imaging tests that provide detailed pictures of the heart's structure but do not directly measure heart rhythm.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Valvular heart disease. Valvular heart disease refers to conditions where the heart's valves do not function properly, leading to disrupted blood flow within the heart. This can result in symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue. Myocarditis (B) is inflammation of the heart muscle, Endocarditis (C) is an infection of the inner lining of the heart, and Aneurysm (D) is a bulge in a blood vessel. These conditions do not specifically involve malfunctioning heart valves as seen in valvular heart disease.