Which condition is a contraindication for the use of albuterol inhalation therapy?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hypertension. Albuterol is a bronchodilator that can potentially increase blood pressure. In patients with hypertension, this can lead to further elevation of blood pressure and potentially worsen the condition. Therefore, hypertension is a contraindication for albuterol inhalation therapy. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect: A: Diabetes mellitus is not a contraindication for albuterol inhalation therapy. C: Hypotension is not a contraindication for albuterol inhalation therapy. D: Chronic bronchitis is not a contraindication for albuterol inhalation therapy.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step 1: Beta-blockers block the effects of adrenaline on beta receptors in the heart. Step 2: Adrenaline (epinephrine) binds to beta receptors in the heart, leading to increased heart rate and contractility. Step 3: By blocking beta receptors, beta-blockers reduce heart rate and contractility. Step 4: This reduces the workload on the heart, improves efficiency, and helps in managing heart failure. Summary: A: Incorrect. Beta-blockers actually decrease heart rate and contractility. B: Incorrect. Beta-blockers primarily affect heart function, not preload and afterload. D: Incorrect. Beta-blockers do not directly increase cardiac output; they improve heart function by reducing workload.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Increasing serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain. Tramadol is a synthetic opioid analgesic that acts by binding to mu-opioid receptors and also inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. This dual mechanism of action helps alleviate pain by enhancing the effects of these neurotransmitters in the brain. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because tramadol primarily affects serotonin and norepinephrine levels rather than blocking opioid receptors, inhibiting dopamine reuptake, or decreasing substance P in the spinal cord.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale for Choice C: In noncompetitive antagonism, the antagonist binds irreversibly to a site different from the agonist binding site, preventing agonist binding. Increasing agonist concentration cannot overcome this as the antagonist blocks the receptor irreversibly. This results in a fixed maximum response. Summary: A: Incorrect. The potency of the drug may change due to noncompetitive antagonism. B: Incorrect. Noncompetitive antagonism does not affect the number of receptors available to bind the agonist. D: Incorrect. Choice C is correct, making this statement wrong.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Induction of powerful uterine contracture. Ergonovine is a uterotonic agent that works by stimulating uterine contractions, which helps control postpartum hemorrhage due to uterine atony. The drug acts directly on the smooth muscle of the uterus, leading to increased tone and decreased bleeding. A: Selective constriction of uterine arteries is incorrect because ergonovine primarily acts on the uterine muscle itself, not the blood vessels supplying the uterus. B: Endothelin release in the uterine vascular bed is incorrect as ergonovine does not directly affect endothelin release. C: Platelet aggregation in the uterine vascular bed is incorrect as ergonovine's action is not related to platelet aggregation but rather to uterine muscle contraction. In summary, the therapeutic effect of ergonovine in this patient is mediated by its ability to induce powerful uterine contr