Which condition involves the heart muscle becoming abnormally thickened, reducing its ability to pump blood?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (A) is the correct answer. 2. In this condition, the heart muscle thickens, leading to decreased blood pumping ability. 3. This thickening can obstruct blood flow and increase the risk of abnormal heart rhythms. 4. Dilated cardiomyopathy (B) involves the heart enlarging and weakening, not thickening. 5. Restrictive cardiomyopathy (C) involves stiffening of the heart muscle, not thickening. 6. Ischemic cardiomyopathy (D) results from reduced blood flow to the heart, not thickening.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that can cause difficulty breathing and shock due to the body's extreme immune response to an allergen. It involves a systemic release of histamine and other chemicals leading to symptoms like swelling, hives, and a drop in blood pressure. Asthma attack (B) is a respiratory condition characterized by airway inflammation and narrowing, but it is not necessarily related to an allergic reaction. Bronchospasm (C) refers to the sudden constriction of the muscles lining the airways, which can occur in asthma or other respiratory conditions, but it is not specific to an allergic reaction. Hypersensitivity (D) is a general term for exaggerated immune responses, including allergies, but it does not specifically describe the severe and potentially life-threatening nature of anaphylaxis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Lobectomy. A lobectomy involves the removal of a lobe of the lung. This procedure is commonly done to treat lung cancer or other conditions affecting a specific lobe. Pneumonectomy (B) involves the removal of an entire lung, not just a portion. Tracheostomy (C) is the surgical creation of an opening in the windpipe to help with breathing, not a lung removal procedure. Bronchoscopy (D) is a diagnostic procedure to visualize the airways using a flexible tube with a camera, not a lung removal surgery. Therefore, A is the correct choice for removing a portion of the lung.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which primarily affects the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. This bacterium specifically targets the lungs, leading to symptoms such as coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. In contrast, Pneumonia (B) is commonly caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi affecting the lungs but doesn't specifically spread to other body parts like TB. Legionnaires' disease (C) is caused by Legionella bacteria and primarily affects the lungs, but it does not have the same capability to spread to other body parts like TB. Histoplasmosis (D) is a fungal infection that primarily affects the lungs but does not spread to other parts of the body in the same way as tuberculosis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pulse oximetry. Pulse oximetry measures oxygen saturation levels in the blood by using a non-invasive method to determine the percentage of hemoglobin carrying oxygen. This test is commonly used to assess respiratory function quickly and efficiently. Summary of incorrect options: B: Spirometry measures lung function by assessing airflow and volume. C: ABG measures oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood. D: Lung function test is a broad term that can include various tests, such as spirometry and imaging studies.