Which complications are related to anorexia nervosa?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology, understanding the complications related to anorexia nervosa is crucial for nurses and healthcare providers. Option C, stress fractures in the spine or hip, is the correct answer. Anorexia nervosa leads to severe malnutrition, causing bone density loss and increasing the risk of stress fractures due to weakened bones. This complication is directly related to the nutritional deficiencies and decreased bone density seen in anorexic individuals. Option A, premature wrinkles, is incorrect as it is more related to skin health and aging, which are not the primary complications of anorexia nervosa. Option B, vitamin excess, is incorrect because anorexia nervosa leads to vitamin deficiencies rather than excess. Option D, fluid overload, is incorrect as anorexia nervosa typically results in dehydration and electrolyte imbalances rather than fluid overload. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing the physiological impact of anorexia nervosa on the skeletal system. Understanding these complications helps healthcare professionals provide holistic care to patients with eating disorders, emphasizing the need for nutritional support and bone health interventions. Pharmacological implications may involve assessing bone health and mineral supplementation as part of the treatment plan for individuals with anorexia nervosa.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and adult medical-surgical care, understanding hypovolemia is crucial. The correct answer is B) Thirst. Thirst is the first symptom to occur in hypovolemia because when the body is experiencing a decrease in blood volume, the hypothalamus stimulates the sensation of thirst to promote increased fluid intake and help restore fluid balance. Option A) Hypotension typically occurs after hypovolemia has progressed, as the body tries to maintain blood pressure through various compensatory mechanisms. Central venoption B) Central venous pressure below 2 to 3 mmHg is a more advanced sign of hypovolemia, reflecting severe fluid loss. Urine specific gravity being high (Option D) is a late sign indicating concentrated urine due to decreased fluid intake. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing early signs of hypovolemia to initiate prompt interventions. Understanding the sequence of symptoms allows healthcare providers to intervene effectively and prevent the progression of hypovolemia to more severe complications like hypotension and shock. This knowledge is vital for pharmacology students and medical-surgical professionals to deliver safe and efficient patient care.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In teaching clients with a potential for hypovolemia, the nurse should include avoiding alcohol and caffeine in the teaching plan because both substances have diuretic effects that can further exacerbate fluid loss, leading to dehydration and worsening hypovolemia. Alcohol and caffeine promote increased urine output, which can worsen fluid imbalance in individuals already at risk for hypovolemia. Increasing intake of dried peas and beans (Option B) is not directly related to managing hypovolemia. While these foods are nutritious and can contribute to overall health, they do not specifically address the issue of fluid volume deficit. Similarly, increasing intake of milk and dairy products (Option C) may provide some hydration, but these foods are not the most effective or direct way to address hypovolemia. It is important to focus on fluids that can quickly replenish lost volume in hypovolemic clients. Avoiding table salt or foods containing sodium (Option D) is not appropriate for hypovolemia management. In fact, a moderate amount of sodium is necessary to help retain fluid in the body and prevent further dehydration in hypovolemic individuals. In an educational context, understanding the effects of different food and drink choices on fluid balance is crucial for nurses caring for clients at risk for hypovolemia. By providing accurate teaching on dietary choices, nurses can empower clients to make informed decisions to support their health and well-being.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of a client in shock, the priority nursing diagnosis is edema (option B). Shock is a life-threatening condition where there is inadequate tissue perfusion, leading to organ dysfunction. Edema is a common manifestation of shock due to fluid shifts and capillary leakage. By identifying and addressing edema, nurses can monitor fluid balance and prevent complications such as pulmonary edema. The other options are not the priority nursing diagnoses for a client in shock. Increased urine output (option A) may be a concern in some types of shock, but it is not a universal finding, and addressing edema takes precedence to prevent hypovolemia. Hypertension (option C) is not typically seen in shock; instead, hypotension is a common sign due to decreased cardiac output. Hypernatremia (option D) is not a priority nursing diagnosis in shock; electrolyte imbalances may occur but are secondary to the primary issue of inadequate tissue perfusion. In an educational context, understanding the priority nursing diagnoses in shock is crucial for providing effective care to critically ill patients. By prioritizing edema as a nursing diagnosis, students learn to focus on key assessments and interventions to improve patient outcomes in shock scenarios. This knowledge enhances critical thinking skills and clinical reasoning in managing patients with complex conditions like shock.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pharmacology and medical-surgical nursing, understanding the relationship between SpO2 (peripheral oxygen saturation) and PaO2 (partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood) is crucial for assessing a patient's oxygenation status. The correct answer is C) Acidosis. When SpO2 levels are above 90%, it indicates that the patient's oxygen saturation is adequate. In this case, the PaO2 is likely normal because the oxygen is effectively being carried in the blood. However, if the PaO2 were low despite a normal SpO2, it could suggest a problem with oxygen diffusion or utilization at the cellular level. Option A) Hypoxia is incorrect because a SpO2 level above 90% indicates adequate oxygen saturation. Option B) Hypercapnia refers to high levels of CO2, not oxygen, in the blood. Option D) Alkalosis is incorrect as it pertains to abnormal pH levels, not oxygenation status. Educationally, this question reinforces the importance of understanding the different parameters used to assess oxygenation in patients. It highlights the need for critical thinking in interpreting these values and how they can guide clinical decision-making in patient care.