Which complement proteins form a stalk that anchor

Question 1 of 5

Which complement proteins form a stalk that anchors the membrane attack complex (MAC) in the cell membrane of the invader?

A. C5b, C6, C7, and C8 B. C1, C2, and C3 C. C3b and C4b D. C1q, C1r, and C1s

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: C5b, C6, C7, and C8 form the MAC stalk ; others are involved earlier in complement cascades.

Question 2 of 5

What is the purpose of negative selection in the thymus?

A. To train T cells to attack foreign cells only B. To train T cells to recognize self MHC molecules and not attack our own body cells C. To train T cells to recognize self MHC molecules and attack our own body cells D. To train B cells to produce antibodies against foreign antigens

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Negative selection eliminates self-reactive T cells ; it refines tolerance, not just foreign attack , not self-attack , not B cells .

Question 3 of 5

Antibodies interact with antigens in all of these ways except

A. opsonization B. attracting macrophages to the area (chemotaxis) C. releasing interferon D. agglutination

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Antibodies don't release interferon (C, from infected cells); they opsonize , attract macrophages , and agglutinate antigens.

Question 4 of 5

The best evidence supporting the concept of immunological memory is:

A. The increased numbers of antigen receptors expressed by lymphocytes after primary exposure to an antigen B. The increased levels of cytokines made by lymphocytes after primary exposure to an antigen C. The increased rapidity and magnitude of the secondary response to the same antigen D. The increased swelling of lymph nodes during the secondary response to the same antigen

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Memory is evidenced by faster, stronger secondary responses ; receptor numbers , cytokines , or swelling are less direct indicators.

Question 5 of 5

In recent years, several new vaccines have been developed that are made from purified viral surface proteins, rather than intact or live viruses. They are referred to as subunit vaccines. In order to generate a protective adaptive immune response to a subunit vaccine, the viral protein(s) must be mixed with an adjuvant. The adjuvant functions to:

A. Mimic the process of normal virus entry by binding to the host receptor and inducing receptor-mediated endocytosis B. Induce vascular permeability to promote the accumulation of fluid and serum proteins at the vaccine injection site C. Induce the production of chemotactic proteins that recruit neutrophils and then monocytes to the site of vaccine injection D. Stimulate dendritic cells to up-regulate co-stimulatory molecules and migrate to the regional lymph node

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Adjuvants activate DCs for co-stimulation and lymph node migration ; not entry , permeability , or just chemotaxis .

Which complement proteins form a stalk that anchors the membrane attack complex (MAC) in the cell membrane of the invader?

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