Which clients are at greatest risk of mortality from cardiac disease?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is option A, the Black man with a blood pressure of 130/80, being at the greatest risk of mortality from cardiac disease. This is because hypertension, especially in Black individuals, increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases like heart attacks and strokes. The blood pressure of 130/80 falls within the hypertensive range (above 120/80), indicating an increased risk of cardiovascular complications. The other options are less likely to be at the same level of risk for mortality from cardiac disease. Option B, the Mexican American man with a blood pressure of 110/60, has a lower blood pressure which is within the normal range. Option C, the White woman with a blood pressure of 120/80, also falls within the normal range, although it is on the higher end. Option D, the Black woman with a blood pressure of 128/78, is close to normal and not as high as the blood pressure of the Black man in option A. Educationally, understanding the impact of hypertension on specific demographic groups is crucial in pharmacology and healthcare. It highlights the importance of individualized care based on factors like race and blood pressure levels. Regular monitoring and appropriate interventions are essential in managing hypertension to reduce the risk of mortality from cardiac diseases, especially in high-risk populations like Black individuals.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In addressing sexuality in middle age, it is crucial for nurses to provide accurate information to promote health and well-being. The correct answer, "The majority of new HIV/AIDS cases occur among middle-age adults (D)," is important to stress because data shows a concerning trend of increasing HIV/AIDS diagnoses in this age group. Middle-aged adults may underestimate their risk and overlook the need for prevention measures, making education crucial. Option A, stating that "Contraception usage should be decreased as a woman nears menopause (A)," is incorrect as women in this age group can still become pregnant and should be informed about appropriate contraceptive options. Option B, suggesting that "Difficulty with sexual performance among men happens near age 60 (B)," is a misconception as sexual performance issues can occur at any age and are not solely tied to a specific milestone. Option C, claiming that "HIV infection after age 50 is rare (C)," is misleading and incorrect. In fact, older adults are still at risk for HIV infection, and this misconception could lead to complacency and lack of preventive actions. Educators should emphasize the importance of ongoing sexual health education and risk assessment for all individuals, regardless of age, to ensure comprehensive health promotion strategies.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) "I have a new grandchild and want to be part of her life." This option demonstrates a clear intrinsic motivation for engaging in health promotion interventions. The desire to be actively involved in the life of a loved one, such as a grandchild, can serve as a powerful incentive to adopt healthy behaviors and lifestyle changes. Option B) "My mother lived until she was 90, so a long life is in my genes." This option suggests a reliance on genetics as the primary factor for longevity, which can lead to a passive approach to health promotion. While genetics play a role in health outcomes, lifestyle choices and behaviors have a significant impact on overall well-being. Option C) "Some chronic illness is just a part of aging." This statement reflects a fatalistic attitude towards health, implying that chronic illnesses are inevitable with age. This mindset can discourage individuals from actively engaging in preventive health measures and adopting healthy habits. Option D) "I hope I’ll live a lot longer, but one never knows." This option conveys uncertainty and lacks a clear motivation or commitment to health promotion. Without a specific goal or driving force, individuals may struggle to sustain behavior changes necessary for promoting health and well-being. In an educational context, it is important to emphasize the significance of intrinsic motivation, personal values, and meaningful connections in driving behavior change. Encouraging individuals to identify their unique reasons for pursuing health promotion interventions can enhance their commitment and success in achieving long-term wellness goals.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the stage of ego integrity vs. despair occurs in late adulthood. This stage involves reflecting on one's life and feeling a sense of fulfillment and satisfaction (ego integrity) or regret and hopelessness (despair). The 80-year-old man who made funeral arrangements is most likely to have achieved ego integrity as this action indicates acceptance of mortality and a sense of closure, leading to peace and contentment. The other options are incorrect because they do not align with the characteristics of ego integrity. The 72-year-old man who is reluctant to retire may still be grappling with the idea of aging and change, indicating potential feelings of despair. The 78-year-old woman scheduling her third facelift may be seeking external validation and trying to hold onto youth, which does not reflect a sense of inner peace and acceptance. The 67-year-old woman depressed about not being promoted is still focused on external achievements and validation, which is more characteristic of earlier developmental stages. Educationally, understanding Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially in pharmacology, as it helps in comprehending patients' behaviors, motivations, and emotional states. Recognizing where individuals are in their developmental journey can aid in providing more holistic and empathetic care tailored to their unique needs and challenges.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of reducing HIV transmission in Africa, the correct answer is A) Culture-specific practices. This is because cultural beliefs and practices can significantly impact behaviors related to HIV transmission, such as stigma, discrimination, and traditional healing practices that may not align with evidence-based prevention methods. Option B) Unavailability of antibiotic therapy is incorrect because HIV is a viral infection, not bacterial, and therefore antibiotics are not effective in treating or preventing its transmission. Option C) Lack of understanding about the transmission process is relevant but addressing cultural practices that influence behaviors is more critical in this context. Option D) Overcrowded living areas can contribute to the spread of infectious diseases but may not be as directly linked to HIV transmission as cultural practices. Educationally, understanding the socio-cultural factors influencing health behaviors is crucial in designing effective public health interventions. By addressing culture-specific practices, interventions can be tailored to the local context, increasing the likelihood of acceptance and effectiveness in reducing HIV transmission rates.