Which chronic respiratory condition is characterized by the narrowing and inflammation of the airways, leading to difficulty breathing?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation and narrowing, leading to difficulty breathing. 2. It is a chronic respiratory condition with symptoms like wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. 3. Asthma exacerbations can be triggered by various factors like allergens or exercise. 4. Treatment includes bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory medications to manage symptoms. 5. COPD, bronchitis, and pneumonia involve different pathophysiological mechanisms and are not primarily characterized by airway narrowing. Summary: Asthma is the correct answer due to its specific features of airway inflammation and narrowing, distinct from COPD, bronchitis, and pneumonia, which have different underlying causes and symptoms.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque in the arteries due to the accumulation of cholesterol and other substances. This narrowing and hardening of the arteries can lead to heart attack, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases. Arteriosclerosis (choice B) refers to the thickening and hardening of the arterial walls, which is a general term and not specific to plaque buildup. Hypertension (choice C) is high blood pressure, which can contribute to atherosclerosis but is not the primary cause. Diabetes (choice D) can also be a risk factor for atherosclerosis, but it is not the direct buildup of plaque in the arteries.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Lung biopsy. This procedure involves removing a sample of tissue from the lung for examination under a microscope. It is typically performed using a needle or during a surgical procedure. Bronchoscopy (B) involves examining the airways with a camera and is not used for tissue sampling. Thoracentesis (C) is the removal of fluid from the pleural space, not tissue from the lung. Lobectomy (D) is the surgical removal of a lobe of the lung, not specifically for obtaining a tissue sample.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). This procedure involves grafting a blood vessel to bypass a blocked artery in the heart, improving blood flow. Valve replacement (B) is not a procedure for bypassing blocked arteries. Stent placement (C) involves inserting a mesh tube to keep the artery open but does not involve grafting a blood vessel. Angioplasty (D) is a procedure to widen blocked arteries using a balloon, not grafting a blood vessel. Therefore, the correct choice is CABG.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Peripheral artery disease (PAD). PAD is characterized by narrowed or blocked arteries in the legs or arms, leading to pain and mobility issues due to reduced blood flow. Atherosclerosis refers to the buildup of plaque in arteries but doesn't specify limbs. Raynaud's disease is a condition affecting blood supply to extremities due to cold or stress, not arterial blockages. Varicose veins involve enlarged, twisted veins, not arterial blockages. Therefore, the correct choice is A as it specifically addresses the narrowed or blocked arteries in limbs causing pain and mobility issues.