Which characteristics are typically found in a patient diagnosed with Down syndrome? Select all that apply.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Round occiput. In Down syndrome, individuals often exhibit a round-shaped head at the back (occiput) due to the abnormal growth patterns of the skull bones. This characteristic is a common physical feature seen in individuals with Down syndrome. A: Low-set ears - While low-set ears can be a feature in some cases of Down syndrome, it is not a defining characteristic and not always present. B: Broad nasal bridge - Broad nasal bridge is a common feature in Down syndrome, but it is not specific enough to be a defining characteristic. D: Small tongue - While individuals with Down syndrome may have slightly smaller tongues compared to the general population, it is not a prominent characteristic and not typically used for diagnosis.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Birth trauma. Birth trauma does not directly influence bilirubin levels in infants. Prematurity can lead to immature liver function affecting bilirubin metabolism. Maternal diabetes can lead to increased risk of neonatal jaundice. Exclusively breastfeeding can lead to breastfeeding jaundice due to inadequate milk intake. Therefore, birth trauma is the only option that does not directly impact bilirubin levels in infants.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Bilirubin. Excessive bruising in a newborn can indicate hemolysis, leading to elevated bilirubin levels and potential jaundice. Checking bilirubin levels is crucial to monitor for hyperbilirubinemia, which can lead to complications like kernicterus. White blood cells (A) are not typically associated with bruising. Glucose (B) levels are important in monitoring for hypoglycemia, not bruising. Potassium (D) levels are not directly related to bruising in a newborn.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because the newborn has both type A blood (from the mother) and O+ blood (from the father), leading to a higher risk of jaundice due to ABO incompatibility. The presence of nuchal cord x2 and the use of forceps during delivery also increase the risk of newborn jaundice. Choice A is incorrect because the mother's age and use of Pitocin do not inherently increase the risk of jaundice. Choice B is incorrect because the baby being born at home and the timing of the umbilical cord cutting are not directly related to jaundice risk. Choice D is incorrect because the method of delivery and the father's unknown blood type do not specifically indicate a high risk of jaundice compared to the scenario in Choice C.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Increased respiratory rate. When a newborn experiences respiratory obstruction, they will initially exhibit an increased respiratory rate as their body tries to compensate for the lack of oxygen. This is a natural response to try to increase oxygen intake. Gagging (choice A) and vomiting (choice B) may occur as secondary symptoms if the obstruction persists. Decreased heart rate (choice C) is unlikely to be the first sign, as the body typically prioritizes ensuring oxygen supply to vital organs such as the brain. Therefore, the increased respiratory rate is the most immediate and crucial sign to indicate respiratory obstruction in a newborn.