Which change is the primary explanation for life expectancy increasing so notably since the early 1900s?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, improved sanitation and other public health activities. This is because advancements in public health measures, such as clean water supply, waste disposal, and vaccination programs, have played a crucial role in reducing infectious diseases and improving overall population health. In contrast, options A and B focus on medical interventions rather than public health initiatives. Option D, increased use of antibiotics, is also important but alone cannot account for the significant increase in life expectancy since the early 1900s.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because acting as a member of a community action group for accessible transit choices aligns with the advocate role of a community health nurse. This role involves promoting policies and initiatives that address community health needs. Organizing home care support (A) focuses on direct patient care, prenatal assessments (C) are clinical tasks, and facilitating a self-help group (D) is more related to counseling and education, not advocacy.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because public health nursing focuses on promoting and protecting the health of populations, including schoolchildren and their families. Public health nurses provide care not only to individuals but also work to improve the health of communities through education, prevention, and advocacy. Options A, B, and D involve more individual-focused care and do not encompass the broader community and population health perspective that is central to public health nursing. Option A focuses on assessing services, not direct care to populations. Option B involves post-surgical care for individuals. Option D is specific to treating pediatric patients in an outpatient clinic, lacking the community and family-centered approach of public health nursing.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Holistic thinking. This type of thinking involves considering the big-picture perspective of a population, taking into account various interconnected aspects and systems. It focuses on understanding how different factors influence each other and the population as a whole. Collaborative thinking (A) involves working together with others, upstream thinking (B) focuses on addressing root causes, and downstream thinking (D) involves addressing immediate outcomes. Holistic thinking best aligns with the concept of zooming out to view the population at a macroscopic level.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Primary prevention aims to prevent diseases or injuries before they occur. Choice B, initiating an infant car seat safety screening program, best represents primary prevention by preventing potential injuries to infants from car accidents. This program focuses on addressing the root cause of injuries before they happen. In contrast, administering the influenza vaccine (Choice A) is considered secondary prevention as it aims to prevent complications from an existing disease. Starting a rehabilitation clinic (Choice C) and setting up a blood pressure screening clinic (Choice D) are also secondary prevention measures as they aim to manage existing health conditions rather than prevent them from occurring in the first place.