Which change is the primary explanation for life expectancy increasing so notably since the early 1900s?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Improved sanitation and other public health activities. This is because advancements in public health practices such as improved sanitation, clean water supply, disease control measures, and vaccination programs have had a significant impact on reducing the spread of infectious diseases and improving overall population health. This primary explanation for the increase in life expectancy is supported by historical data showing that improvements in public health measures have led to a significant decline in mortality rates due to preventable diseases. Choice A (An increase in findings from medical laboratory research) is incorrect as while medical research has contributed to advancements in treatments and understanding of diseases, it is not the primary reason for the notable increase in life expectancy. Choice B (Incredible advances in surgical techniques and procedures) is not the primary explanation as surgical advancements primarily impact specific health conditions and are not as widespread in their impact on overall population health and life expectancy. Choice D (Increased use of antibiotics to fight infections) is also not the primary explanation as antibiotics have played a role

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Passive immunization. In this scenario, the administration of hepatitis A immunoglobulin provides temporary protection by transferring pre-formed antibodies from an immune individual to a susceptible person. This process does not stimulate the individual's immune system to produce its antibodies, hence it is considered passive immunization. This approach is effective for providing immediate protection against hepatitis A in susceptible persons during an outbreak. A: Active immunization involves administering a vaccine to stimulate the individual's immune system to produce antibodies. B: Long-lasting immunity usually results from active immunization, not passive immunization. C: Natural immunity typically occurs after an individual has been exposed to and recovered from a specific infection, not through passive immunization.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Current research findings. Research findings provide evidence-based information that is supported by rigorous scientific methods, ensuring credibility and accuracy. By using current research, the health care provider can make informed decisions based on the most up-to-date and relevant information. Published protocols (A) may be valuable, but they can become outdated and may not always reflect the latest evidence. Colleagues' opinions (C) are subjective and may not be based on scientific evidence. Media reports (D) can be sensationalized and often lack the depth and accuracy required for evidence-informed practice.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Public health focuses on preventing disease, promoting health, and protecting populations through a population-based approach. This involves addressing social determinants of health, implementing interventions at the community level, and working towards health equity. Choice B is incorrect because it describes the provision of health care services in various settings, not specifically focused on population health. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to health care services provided in community institutions, not necessarily focused on population health. Choice D is incorrect as it describes the nursing process and evidence-informed practice, which are important in healthcare delivery but not specific to the broad scope of public health.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, reviewing facility permits and consumer confidence reports. This is the first step because it provides crucial information about potential environmental hazards in the community. By reviewing permits, you can identify sources of pollution or hazardous materials. Consumer confidence reports also give insights into water quality and potential risks. Conducting a health risk assessment of individuals (A) or surveying community members (D) would come later in the assessment process after identifying potential hazards. Performing a windshield survey (B) is important for observing the community, but it does not provide specific data on environmental health risks.