Which cell in the collecting tubule functions in maintaining acid-base balance?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Intercalated cells in the collecting tubule maintain acid-base balance secrete H (type A) or HCO₃⁻ (type B) to adjust pH (e.g., via H -ATPase). Principal cells manage water/Na ADH/aldosterone-driven, not pH. Podocytes filter in the glomerulus no tubular role. Juxtaglomerular cells release renin blood pressure-focused. Intercalated cells' pH regulation distinguishes them, key to distal acid-base correction, unlike water, filtration, or vascular cells.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: ADH doesn't directly affect sodium reabsorption targets water via aquaporins (e.g., collecting duct). Increased GFR raises Na filtration reabsorption adjusts. Aldosterone boosts Na retention ENaC channels. Natriuretic hormone inhibits Na reabsorption e.g., ANP. ADH's water focus distinguishes it, key to osmolality, unlike GFR, hormonal Na regulators.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: High glomerular pressure stems from afferent arterioles' larger diameter than efferent resistance creates ~55 mmHg (e.g., filtration drive). Low oncotic pressure opposes incorrect. High capsular pressure (~15 mmHg) resists not causes. Thick basement membrane filters doesn't raise pressure. Arteriolar disparity distinguishes it, key to GFR, unlike opposing or structural factors.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The myogenic mechanism is vessels' intrinsic constriction to high pressure autoregulates GFR (e.g., afferent stretch). Hormonal control (e.g., angiotensin) is extrinsic renin-driven. Sympathetic control uses nerves reduces GFR. Tubuloglomerular feedback is macula densa NaCl-based. Intrinsic response distinguishes it, key to vascular autoregulation, unlike extrinsic or feedback controls.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Glucose reabsorption from lumen to cell is secondary active transport SGLT uses Na gradient (e.g., PCT), energy-dependent. Passive transport lacks energy false. Downhill misaligns against gradient. No energy contradicts mechanism incorrect. Sodium-coupled active transport distinguishes it, critical for glucose recovery, unlike passive or energy-free errors.