Which category of histamine H1 antagonists is recognized for as second-generation antihistamines?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Piperidines; i.e. Loratadine, Fexofenadine. Second-generation antihistamines like Loratadine and Fexofenadine belong to the piperidine category. Second-generation antihistamines are preferred over first-generation due to their lower sedative effects and longer duration of action. Alkylamines (A), Ethylenediamines (C), and Phenothiazines (D) are not classified as second-generation antihistamines and are associated with more sedation and anticholinergic side effects.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: TRUE. Hyperlipoproteinemia is indeed a condition characterized by elevated levels of lipoproteins in the blood. Lipoproteins carry cholesterol and other fats through the bloodstream. The high levels of lipoproteins in hyperlipoproteinemia can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Explanation of other choices: B: FALSE - This is incorrect because hyperlipoproteinemia is a real medical condition. C: All - This is incorrect as it doesn't accurately reflect the specific nature of hyperlipoproteinemia. D: None - This is incorrect as hyperlipoproteinemia is a recognized medical condition with specific diagnostic criteria.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Colchicine. Colchicine is used in the treatment of gout by preventing the migration of granulocytes to the inflamed area, thereby reducing inflammation and pain. Allopurinol (A) works by reducing uric acid production, Sulfinpyrazone (B) and Indomethacin (D) work by inhibiting uric acid reabsorption and reducing inflammation through prostaglandin inhibition, respectively. These mechanisms do not involve preventing the migration of granulocytes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because all the statements are true about calcium. A: The recommended daily allowances for calcium intake vary with age groups. B: Calcium chloride can indeed be irritating and cause necrosis if it leaks out of the vein during intravenous administration. C: Patients with achlorhydria (lack of stomach acid) may have decreased calcium absorption, so calcium carbonate is recommended to be taken with meals or switching to calcium citrate for better absorption. Therefore, choice D encompasses all the correct statements about calcium, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Thiazide diuretics are used in the treatment of recurrent calcium nephrolithiasis by reducing urinary calcium excretion. They work by increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, lowering calcium levels in urine, and decreasing the formation of kidney stones. Osmotic diuretics (A) increase urine output but do not specifically target calcium excretion. Loop diuretics (B) inhibit sodium reabsorption but can increase urinary calcium excretion and are not ideal for treating calcium nephrolithiasis. Potassium-sparing diuretics (D) primarily affect potassium and sodium levels and do not directly impact calcium excretion.