ATI RN
Chapter 2 pharmacologic principles Questions
Question 1 of 5
Which capsule size has the smallest capacity?
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Capsule size 5 (A) has the smallest capacity (~0.13 mL), per standard pharmaceutical sizing, where higher numbers indicate smaller volumes, used for low-dose drugs (e.g., thyroid). Size 4 (B, ~0.2 mL), 1 (C, ~0.5 mL), and 0 (D, ~0.68 mL) are larger; 000 (original E, ~1.37 mL) is largest. This sizing aids precise dosing, minimizing excipient use, critical in oral solid formulations for patient compliance and manufacturing efficiency.
Question 2 of 5
Dose dumping is a problem in the formulation of
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Dose dumping is a problem in modified-release drug products (B), where unintended rapid release (e.g., from matrix failure) causes toxicity (e.g., theophylline). Compressed tablets (A) and capsules (C, D) are immediate-release unless modified. Suppositories (original E) rarely involve controlled release. This failure risks overdose, necessitating robust design (e.g., coating integrity) and testing, critical in chronic therapies to maintain steady plasma levels and avoid adverse effects.
Question 3 of 5
The renal clearance of insulin is used as a measurement of
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Insulin renal clearance measures glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (D), as insulin is freely filtered and minimally reabsorbed/secreted, approximating GFR (e.g., 120 mL/min). Effective renal blood flow (A) uses PAH clearance. Drug excretion rate (B) varies by mechanism. Enzyme activity (C) is hepatic. Active secretion (original E) isn't insulin's path. GFR assessment via insulin, though less common than creatinine, ensures accurate renal function evaluation, vital for dosing renally cleared drugs.
Question 4 of 5
Which of the following functional groups is most susceptible to hydrolysis?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: R-COOR (B), an ester, is most susceptible to hydrolysis, cleaved by water into an acid and alcohol (e.g., aspirin to salicylic acid), common in drug degradation. R-CO-R (A, ketone) and R-O-R (C, ether) resist hydrolysis. R-NH-CH₃ (D, amine) and R-COOH (original E, acid) are stable. Esters' labile carbonyl-oxygen bond, catalyzed by pH or enzymes, drives this susceptibility, necessitating stable formulations (e.g., dry storage), a critical stability factor in pharmaceuticals.
Question 5 of 5
The sugar that is inherent in the nucleic acids RNA and DNA is
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Ribose (C) is the sugar in RNA (pentose) and DNA (as deoxyribose), forming the nucleic acid backbone with phosphates and bases. Glucose (A) is metabolic. Sucrose (B) is a disaccharide. Digitoxose (D) is in cardiac glycosides. Maltose (original E) is a disaccharide. Ribose's presence enables RNA/DNA synthesis, targeted by antivirals (e.g., ribavirin), a key structural distinction in molecular biology and pharmacology.