Which breathing exercises should the nurse have an asthmatic 3-year-old do to increase her expiratory phase?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pediatric respiratory distress, the correct answer is C) Blow a pinwheel. This breathing exercise helps to improve the expiratory phase by encouraging the child to exhale fully and slowly. Blowing a pinwheel requires the child to control their exhalation, promoting improved lung function and airway clearance. It also helps in strengthening respiratory muscles and increasing lung capacity. Option A) Using an incentive spirometer is more suitable for older children or adults as it requires better coordination and understanding of the device, which may be challenging for a 3-year-old with asthma. Option B) Breathing into a paper bag is not recommended for children, especially those with asthma, as it can lead to a build-up of carbon dioxide in the body, causing potential harm. Option D) Taking several deep breaths is a more general exercise and may not specifically target improving the expiratory phase in a child with asthma. In an educational context, it is essential for nurses and healthcare providers to understand age-appropriate interventions for pediatric patients with respiratory distress. Choosing the correct breathing exercises tailored to the child's age and condition is crucial in optimizing respiratory function and managing asthma symptoms effectively. By selecting the appropriate intervention, nurses can help improve the child's respiratory health outcomes and overall well-being.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric respiratory distress cases, understanding the etiology of conditions like rheumatic fever is crucial for effective nursing interventions. The correct answer is C) Group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus. This bacterium, specifically the Streptococcus pyogenes strain, is responsible for causing rheumatic fever through an autoimmune response triggered by untreated or inadequately treated streptococcal infections. Option A) Streptococcal pneumonia is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, a different bacterium than Group A streptococcus, and is associated with pneumonia and other respiratory infections, not rheumatic fever. Option B) Haemophilus influenza is a bacterium that can cause respiratory infections like pneumonia and bronchitis but is not linked to rheumatic fever. Option D) Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of skin and soft tissue infections, as well as some respiratory infections, but it is not implicated in the development of rheumatic fever. Educationally, understanding the specific pathogens associated with different diseases is essential for nurses to provide accurate assessments, interventions, and patient education. In the case of rheumatic fever, recognizing the role of Group A streptococcus can help in early identification and treatment, potentially preventing serious complications.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is A) Acute lymphocytic leukemia is associated with a cure rate of more than 80%. This statement is true as acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of childhood leukemia and has a high cure rate, with modern treatments achieving cure rates exceeding 80%. Option B) is incorrect as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is actually more common in adults than in children. Childhood leukemia most commonly presents as ALL. Option C) is incorrect because leukemia in children often has a rapid onset, with symptoms developing over a short period leading to a relatively quick diagnosis once medical attention is sought. Option D) is incorrect as leukemia is typically diagnosed through abnormal blood counts, such as low red blood cells, low platelets, and high white blood cell counts. A normal complete blood count (CBC) would not be indicative of leukemia. Educationally, understanding the differences between types of leukemia in children is crucial for healthcare providers caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing the characteristics, prognosis, and treatment options for childhood leukemia aids in early detection and appropriate intervention, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Cyanosis in a newborn indicates a lack of oxygen, which is a critical condition requiring immediate medical attention. Caput succedaneum (swelling of the scalp) and absence of foot creases are not immediate signs of critical condition, and while not crying can be concerning, cyanosis is a more definitive sign of distress.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) She can say a few words like "mama" and "dada." At 9 months, infants typically start to say simple words with meaning, such as "mama" and "dada," as part of their language development milestones. This ability to communicate verbally is a significant indicator of normal language acquisition in infants at this age. Option A) There is a reciprocal smiling with parents, while important for bonding and social interaction, does not directly address the infant's communication development through language. Option B) She is now babbling is common in earlier stages of infant language development, typically around 6 months of age. By 9 months, infants should progress beyond just babbling to forming recognizable words. Option C) She squeals in excitement is a form of non-verbal communication that infants engage in to express emotions but does not specifically address the development of language and communication skills. Educationally, understanding typical developmental milestones in infants is crucial for healthcare providers, especially in pediatric nursing, as it helps in assessing and monitoring a child's growth and development. Recognizing when a child should be reaching certain milestones, such as saying a few words at 9 months, can aid in early identification of potential delays or issues that may require further evaluation or intervention. This knowledge enables nurses to provide appropriate support and guidance to parents and caregivers to promote optimal development in children.