Which best describes the concept of risk?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because risk is defined as the probability that an individual will develop a specific condition. This involves assessing the likelihood of an event occurring. Choice B focuses on the impact of a health condition, which is not the same as risk assessment. Choice C refers to the potential harm, but risk includes both the probability and potential consequences. Choice D is about exposure to health hazards, which is related to risk but doesn't fully encompass the concept. Therefore, option A best captures the essence of risk assessment.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Providing early treatment for disease. Secondary prevention involves early detection and treatment of a disease to prevent its progression. By providing early treatment, healthcare professionals aim to minimize the impact of the disease and prevent complications. Conducting health screenings (A) is part of primary prevention to identify risk factors before a disease develops. Administering medications (C) is a treatment intervention but not specific to secondary prevention. Referral to specialized care (D) may be needed but does not directly involve providing early treatment for the disease as in secondary prevention.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Conducting the Time Out is typically part of the surgical safety checklist during the actual surgery, not the preoperative checklist. 2. Assessing for allergies is important to prevent adverse reactions during surgery. 3. Ensuring informed consent is signed is crucial for legal and ethical reasons. 4. Ensuring history and physical examination are completed helps in assessing the patient's health status before surgery. Therefore, choice B is not typically part of the preoperative checklist, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Paraplegia. Paraplegia refers to the paralysis of the lower half of the body, including both legs and often the trunk and pelvic organs. This term specifically indicates paralysis below the waist. Hemiplegia (A) refers to paralysis on one side of the body, not the trunk and legs. Tetraplegia (B) is paralysis of all four limbs and the trunk, not specifically the trunk, legs, and pelvic organs. Hemiparesis (D) is weakness on one side of the body, not a complete paralysis of the trunk, legs, and pelvic organs.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Acute respiratory failure. Tracheostomy is indicated in cases of severe respiratory compromise when the upper airway is obstructed or when long-term mechanical ventilation is needed. It ensures a patent airway and facilitates weaning from a ventilator. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as drainage of pleural effusion, hemorrhage, and infections do not typically require a tracheostomy for management.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because it correctly matches the terms with their definitions. Topical anesthesia is indeed applied directly to the skin and mucous membranes, matching with statement C. Epidural anesthesia involves injecting the anesthesia into the epidural space of the spinal cord, aligning with statement D. The other choices incorrectly match the terms with definitions that do not correspond to the actual procedures. Choice B incorrectly states that epidural anesthesia is introduced in the subarachnoid space at the lumbar area L4 and L5, which is not accurate. Choice C incorrectly states that topical anesthesia is applied directly to the skin and mucous membranes, which is inaccurate. Choice D incorrectly states that topical anesthesia is applied directly to the skin and that epidural anesthesia is introduced in the subarachnoid space, both of which are incorrect.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The primary focus of public health is preventing disease and promoting health. This is because public health aims to improve the overall health of populations through preventive measures such as vaccinations, health education, and policy interventions. By focusing on prevention, public health addresses the root causes of health issues and promotes well-being on a larger scale. Providing health education (choice B) is a component of public health but not the primary focus. Ensuring access to health care services (choice C) is important but falls under healthcare delivery rather than public health. Reducing health disparities (choice D) is a goal of public health but not the primary focus, as it is a part of the broader mission to promote health equity.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Certainly! The correct answer is D: Ataxia. Ataxia refers to the failure of muscle coordination, resulting in unsteady movements and a staggering walk. The cerebellum controls balance and coordination, so disorders in this area can lead to ataxia. A: Anoxia refers to a lack of oxygen supply to tissues, not related to muscle coordination. B: Dyslexia is a learning disorder involving difficulty with reading, unrelated to muscle coordination. C: Paraplegia is paralysis of the lower half of the body, not specifically related to muscle coordination issues seen in ataxia.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because community health nursing focuses on improving the quality of life for individuals and families through health promotion and disease prevention. This encompasses a holistic approach that considers social determinants of health and empowers communities to make informed decisions. Providing curative services (A) is not the primary focus of community health nursing, as it aims to prevent illness before it occurs. Conducting research (D) is important but not a key objective of direct community health nursing practice. While promoting health and preventing disease (C) is a key objective, improving the quality of life (B) captures the overarching goal of community health nursing more comprehensively.