Which best describes a model that demonstrates the progression of disease from prepathogenesis through disease outcome?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The natural history of disease model explains disease from prepathogenesis through resolution of the disease process. The epidemiological model involves the epidemiological triangle: agent, host, and environment. The ecosocial model emphasizes the role of evolving macro-level socioenvironmental factors to understand health and illness. The wheel model subscribes to multiple-causation rather than single-causation disease theory, and is more useful in analyzing complex chronic conditions and identifying factors that are amendable to intervention.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Confounding occurs when a third factor affects exposure and outcome. In nutritional epidemiology, dietary components (e.g., fat and calories) are correlated (D), complicating isolation of effects (e.g., does fat or total energy increase heart disease risk?). A and B are measurement issues, not confounding. C is false; methods like multivariable adjustment exist.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Relative risk (A) measures association (e.g., risk ratio in cohorts). Prevalence (B) and incidence (C) are frequencies, mortality rate (D) is deaths, not associations.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: An epidemic curve (A) plots cases over time to show outbreak patterns (e.g., point source). B, C, and D are unrelated.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Confounding (B) distorts exposure-outcome links via a third variable (e.g., age in smoking-lung cancer). A is causation, C is effect, D is unrelated.