Which bacteria are capable of producing spores that can survive extreme environmental conditions?

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microbiology an introduction 12th edition test bank Questions

Question 1 of 9

Which bacteria are capable of producing spores that can survive extreme environmental conditions?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C (Both A and B) because both Clostridium botulinum and Bacillus anthracis are capable of producing spores. Spores are highly resistant structures that allow bacteria to survive harsh environmental conditions. Clostridium botulinum and Bacillus anthracis produce spores as a survival mechanism when conditions become unfavorable. Choice A (Clostridium botulinum) is incorrect because it only represents one of the bacteria capable of producing spores. Choice B (Bacillus anthracis) is also incorrect as it alone does not encompass all bacteria capable of producing spores. Choice D (None of the above) is incorrect as both bacteria mentioned can produce spores.

Question 2 of 9

Which of the following bacteria is capable of producing an endotoxin that can lead to septic shock?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. 1. Escherichia coli can produce endotoxin due to its lipopolysaccharide component. 2. Salmonella enterica also produces endotoxin as part of its cell wall structure. 3. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known to produce endotoxin as well. Therefore, all of these bacteria are capable of producing endotoxin, which can trigger an excessive immune response leading to septic shock. Other choices are incorrect because they do not cover all the bacteria mentioned in the question that are capable of producing endotoxin.

Question 3 of 9

The neonatal infection referred to as “sticky eye†is caused by:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Staphylococcus. Staphylococcus is a common bacteria that can cause neonatal conjunctivitis, also known as "sticky eye." Staphylococcal conjunctivitis presents with symptoms like eye redness, discharge, and swelling. Streptococcus (choice A) typically causes throat infections, herpes simplex (choice B) causes genital or oral sores, and Escherichia (choice D) is a bacteria commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract and is not typically associated with neonatal conjunctivitis. Therefore, the most likely pathogen causing "sticky eye" in newborns is Staphylococcus.

Question 4 of 9

A child with foul-smelling diarrhea had trophozoites with two nuclei and flagella identified in stool microscopy. What is the causative agent?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Giardia lamblia. Giardia lamblia is a protozoan parasite that causes foul-smelling diarrhea with trophozoites having two nuclei and flagella in stool microscopy. The presence of flagella and two nuclei is characteristic of Giardia lamblia. Entamoeba histolytica (Choice B) causes amoebic dysentery with trophozoites containing ingested RBCs. Trichomonas vaginalis (Choice C) is a sexually transmitted protozoan causing vaginitis with a distinctive pear-shaped trophozoite. Balantidium coli (Choice D) is a ciliated protozoan causing diarrhea with trophozoites containing a single nucleus.

Question 5 of 9

A child with fever and swollen lymph nodes had a Gram-stained smear revealing Gram-negative rods with a safety pin appearance. What is the causative agent?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Yersinia pestis. This bacterium causes the plague, which presents with fever and swollen lymph nodes. The safety pin appearance on Gram stain is characteristic of Yersinia pestis. B: Francisella tularensis causes tularemia, which presents differently and does not show safety pin appearance on Gram stain. C: Brucella abortus causes brucellosis, which does not typically present with the same symptoms as described in the question. D: Clostridium botulinum causes botulism, which does not show safety pin appearance on Gram stain and does not typically present with fever and swollen lymph nodes.

Question 6 of 9

During the examination of a patient, who had been to the mountain pasture and had been hospitalized in a bad condition with fever, the doctor found out the enlargement of inguinal lymph nodes to 8 cm, which were attached to the surrounding tissues, immovable, the skin above them was red and tender. The microscopic examination of the node revealed acute serohemorrhagic inflammation. What disease is it typical for?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: 1. The patient has symptoms of fever, enlarged lymph nodes, red and tender skin, which are indicative of systemic infection. 2. The inguinal lymph nodes in plague become enlarged, tender, and painful, forming buboes. 3. The presence of acute serohemorrhagic inflammation in the lymph node is characteristic of plague. 4. Plague is a zoonotic bacterial infection caused by Yersinia pestis, commonly transmitted through fleas from rodents. 5. Brucellosis, anthrax, and tularemia do not typically present with inguinal lymph node involvement and acute serohemorrhagic inflammation. Summary: - Brucellosis: Usually presents with flu-like symptoms, joint pain, and fever, not inguinal lymph node enlargement. - Anthrax: Presents with skin lesions, respiratory symptoms, or gastrointestinal symptoms, not inguinal lymph node involvement. - Tularemia: Presents with fever, skin ulcers,

Question 7 of 9

Which of the following statements concerning Neisseria Meningitidis is correct?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: It causes epidemic meningitis. Neisseria Meningitidis is a bacterium that can cause meningitis, an infection of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. This bacterium is known to cause outbreaks or epidemics of meningitis, especially in crowded or close-contact settings. The other choices are incorrect because: A: Neisseria Meningitidis does have a capsule, which helps it evade the immune system. C: Neisseria Meningitidis grows on selective media like Thayer-Martin agar, not differential media. D: Neisseria Meningitidis is a Gram-negative diplococcus, not a Gram-positive rod.

Question 8 of 9

Which of the following is likely to be the most frequently used portal of entry for pathogens?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Respiratory tract. The respiratory tract is likely the most frequently used portal of entry for pathogens because it is constantly exposed to the external environment and has a large surface area lined with mucous membranes that can trap and facilitate the entry of pathogens. Additionally, the respiratory tract serves as a direct pathway for pathogens to reach the bloodstream and other organs. Skin (choice A) is a physical barrier that can prevent pathogen entry, while the gastrointestinal tract (choice B) has acidic pH and enzymes that can kill many pathogens. Conjunctiva (choice D) is a less common portal of entry compared to the respiratory tract due to its smaller surface area and protective mechanisms such as tears.

Question 9 of 9

Specify the FALSE statement. Bacteriocins:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because bacteriocins are substances with protein nature, not polysaccharides. Bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides that kill bacterial cells, mainly those of closely related species or other strains of the same species. Polysaccharides are not typically involved in bacteriocin activity. Therefore, option C is false. Options A, B, and D are true statements supported by the nature and function of bacteriocins.

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