Which assessment findings support a diagnosis of ODD?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is characterized by negative, hostile behavior towards authority figures like parents. Blaming others for misbehavior is a common trait in individuals with ODD. Choice B describes symptoms of Tourette syndrome, not ODD. Choice C describes conduct disorder behaviors, not specific to ODD. Choice D is more indicative of anxiety or trauma-related disorders, not ODD. Therefore, negative, hostile behavior towards parents and blaming others for misbehavior are key assessment findings that support a diagnosis of ODD.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because bipolar disorder is indeed more prevalent in higher socioeconomic groups. This is because individuals with higher socioeconomic status may have better access to resources like mental health services, leading to higher rates of diagnosis. Option A is incorrect as bipolar disorder is not typically associated with lower socioeconomic groups. Option C is incorrect because the prevalence of bipolar disorder does vary across socioeconomic groups. Option D is incorrect as there is a known correlation between higher socioeconomic status and increased prevalence of bipolar disorder.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because medication non-adherence is a critical challenge in treating bipolar disorder. Clients may experience relapses, worsened symptoms, and increased risk of hospitalization without proper medication management. Clients may have various reasons for not taking their medications, such as side effects or denial of illness. On the other hand, choices A, B, and C, while important factors, do not directly impact treatment outcomes as significantly as medication non-adherence. Difficulty sleeping, irritability, and lack of insight can be addressed through therapeutic interventions and support.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because cyclothymic disorder is characterized by periods of hypomanic symptoms and periods of depressive symptoms lasting for at least 2 years in adults. Choice A is incorrect because 'feeling blue most of the time' suggests a more consistent depressive mood, not the fluctuating mood states seen in cyclothymic disorder. Choice C is incorrect because fixating on hopelessness and suicidal thoughts are more indicative of major depressive disorder rather than cyclothymic disorder. Choice D is incorrect because labile moods with periods of acute mania are more characteristic of bipolar I disorder, not cyclothymic disorder.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). ODD is characterized by a pattern of hostile and defiant behavior towards authority figures. In this scenario, the child's refusal to follow rules and defiance of authority by saying 'Nobody can tell me what to do' aligns with ODD. Additionally, the act of secretly loading a virus on the teacher's computer as a form of revenge is a manifestation of the vindictive and spiteful nature often seen in individuals with ODD. Incorrect choices: A: CD (Conduct Disorder) typically involves more serious and persistent antisocial behavior, such as aggression towards people or animals, destruction of property, and violation of rules. C: Intermittent Explosive Disorder is characterized by recurrent outbursts of aggression that are disproportionate to the situation. This child's behavior is more planned and targeted. D: ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) does not account for the deliberate and calculated nature of the