ATI RN
Intro to Pharmacology ATI Questions
Question 1 of 5
Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for maintaining sleep and wakefulness?
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The reticular activating system (RAS) in the brainstem regulates sleep-wake cycles, promoting alertness or rest, per neurophysiology. The cortex processes thought, not cycles. The limbic system drives emotion, not sleep directly. The cerebellum coordinates movement. RAS's role is central, controlling consciousness states.
Question 2 of 5
Intravenous atropine at low doses is commonly used by oral surgeons during surgical procedures to remove impacted wisdom teeth. The rationale behind the use of this agent in this situation likely involves which of the following beneficial effects?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Atropine, a muscarinic antagonist, is used in oral surgery to manage parasympathetic effects. Option , gastrointestinal relaxation, is a minor effect but not the primary goal in wisdom tooth extraction. Option , drying oral mucous membranes, is correct-by inhibiting salivary glands, atropine reduces secretions, keeping the surgical field clear, a key benefit in oral procedures. Option , inducing tachycardia, occurs but isn't the intent; low doses minimize this. Option , pupillary dilation, happens but is irrelevant to oral surgery. Option (E), reducing urinary motility, is incidental. The drying effect directly aids visibility and cleanliness during surgery, aligning with clinical practice. At low doses, atropine selectively targets salivary inhibition over systemic effects, making it practical and effective. This rationale reflects its established use in anesthesia to optimize surgical conditions without unnecessary cardiovascular or ocular complications.
Question 3 of 5
Ingestion of methanol in wood spirits would cause which of the following to happen?
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Methanol, a toxic alcohol, is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase into formaldehyde, then by aldehyde dehydrogenase into formic acid, causing severe metabolic acidosis and blindness via optic nerve damage. This initial step—formation of formaldehyde—is the critical toxic event, distinguishing methanol poisoning from ethanol's safer metabolism. Nephrotoxicity isn't primary; formic acid affects mitochondria and eyes more. Hypotension and vomiting occur secondary to acidosis but aren't the defining process. Glycolic acid is a metabolite of ethylene glycol, not methanol. Methanol inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase minimally; its danger lies in metabolite accumulation. Formaldehyde production initiates the cascade, making it the most direct and accurate consequence of methanol ingestion.
Question 4 of 5
The nurse is caring for a client receiving warfarin (Coumadin). Which instruction should the nurse include?
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Warfarin's efficacy drops with high vitamin K intake, like spinach , risking clots'avoidance is key. Milk doesn't help. Stopping or doubling risks instability. Spinach avoidance aligns with warfarin's action, critical in anticoagulation where diet impacts INR, making A the essential instruction.
Question 5 of 5
A patient comes to the hospital with a suspected opioid overdose, what would be the appropriate medication to be administered?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Naloxone is the appropriate medication to be administered to a patient with a suspected opioid overdose. Naloxone is an opioid receptor antagonist, meaning it can quickly reverse the effects of opioids on the central nervous system. It works by binding to the same receptors in the brain that opioids target, blocking their effects and rapidly restoring normal respiration and consciousness in a person who has overdosed on opioids. This can be a life-saving treatment for opioid overdose patients. Exenatide, Heparin, and Tolvaptan are not appropriate medications for reversing opioid overdose.