Which antileprosy drug that both suppresses lepra reaction and reversal * reaction?:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step 1: Clofazimine is the correct answer because it is known to suppress both lepra reaction and reversal reaction in leprosy treatment. Step 2: Dapsone is mainly used to treat leprosy but does not specifically target lepra reaction. Step 3: Rifampin is effective against leprosy but does not have a direct impact on lepra reactions. Step 4: Minocycline can be used in leprosy treatment but does not have the same dual action as clofazimine.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step 1: Furosemide is a loop diuretic, known for its high potency in inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the loop of Henle. Step 2: This leads to significant diuresis, causing hypovolemia and subsequent hypotension. Step 3: Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretic, not as potent as loop diuretics. Step 4: Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic, less likely to cause hypotension due to its mechanism of action. Step 5: Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic, less potent than loop diuretics like furosemide in causing hypovolemia and hypotension.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic, so combining it with another potassium-sparing diuretic like amiloride can lead to hyperkalemia. Chlorthalidone, a thiazide-like diuretic, can be synergistic with spironolactone. Furosemide, a loop diuretic, can counteract the potassium-sparing effects of spironolactone. Hydrochlorothiazide, a thiazide diuretic, can also lead to hypokalemia when combined with spironolactone. Therefore, the correct answer is D, as combining spironolactone with hydrochlorothiazide may increase the risk of potassium imbalance.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: ADH plays a key role in the homeostatic filtration apparatus called the process called osmoregulation. ADH, or antidiuretic hormone, regulates water balance by controlling the permeability of the collecting duct in the kidney nephrons. This controls the concentration of urine produced. The other choices, B and C, refer to specific parts of the kidney tubules and are not related to the role of ADH in osmoregulation. Choice D is incomplete and does not provide any relevant information. Therefore, A is the correct choice as it directly relates to the function of ADH in maintaining water balance within the body.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because the antibiotic regimen for acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis should not include gentamycin due to its potential toxicity and nephrotoxicity. The initial use of IV gentamycin is not recommended for uncomplicated pyelonephritis. The combination of gentamycin and amoxicillin is not the standard treatment for this condition. Gentamycin should be reserved for more serious infections. The choice of Augmentin for 7 days orally is also not the standard of care for pyelonephritis. The other choices (A, C, D) are appropriate antibiotic regimens for the corresponding clinical scenarios.