Which antibiotics should be avoided in patients of liver disease?: *

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Tetracycline. Tetracycline should be avoided in patients with liver disease due to its potential hepatotoxicity. Tetracycline is known to cause liver damage and can worsen the condition in patients with pre-existing liver disease. Summary of other choices: B: Cotrimoxazole - Generally safe in patients with liver disease. C: Cephalexin - Safe for use in patients with liver disease. D: Ethambutol - Not associated with liver toxicity, safe to use in patients with liver disease.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Mannitol. Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic that can worsen cardiac function by increasing plasma volume and potentially exacerbating edema. Furosemide (A) and Hydrochlorothiazide (D) are loop and thiazide diuretics, respectively, commonly used to reduce fluid overload in heart failure patients. Spironolactone (B) is a potassium-sparing diuretic that is often added to the treatment regimen in heart failure to help counteract potassium loss from other diuretics.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Spironolactone. Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic that also acts as an anti-androgen. It can cause gynecomastia, hirsutism, and menstrual disturbances due to its anti-androgenic effects, blocking the action of male hormones like testosterone. Hydrocholorothiazide (A) is a thiazide diuretic that does not typically cause these specific adverse reactions. Bumetanide (B) is a loop diuretic that is not associated with gynecomastia, hirsutism, or menstrual disturbances. Acetazolamide (C) is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor diuretic that does not commonly lead to these particular side effects.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: interlobular vessel. Blood leaves the glomerulus through the efferent arteriole, which then branches into the peritubular capillaries. These capillaries merge to form the interlobular veins, which ultimately carry the blood away from the nephron and back into the general circulation. The other choices are incorrect because: A: Bone marrow is not directly involved in blood leaving the glomerulus. B: The afferent arteriole brings blood into the glomerulus, it does not carry blood out. C: Kidneys are the site where blood is filtered, not where it leaves the glomerulus.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema is not an absolute indication for dialysis in acute renal failure (ARF) as it is primarily managed with oxygen therapy and diuretics. Refractory hyperkalemia >6.5 mmol/l is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate dialysis to remove excess potassium. Encephalopathy indicates severe uremia and is another absolute indication for dialysis. Other options were not provided in the question.