Which agent has been shown to be highly effective in treatment of renal colic pain?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen) are highly effective for renal colic reduce prostaglandin-mediated ureteral spasm/inflammation, gold standard. Hyoscine butylbromide lacks evidence spasmolysis weak. Atropine isn't used anticholinergic mismatch. Nifedipine (calcium channel blocker) aids passage, not pain adjunct. NSAID efficacy distinguishes it, key to colic relief, unlike antispasmodics or vasodilators.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Schistosomiasis is the top global hematuria cause parasitic bladder infestation (e.g., S. haematobium) in endemic areas outpaces neoplasia (older adults), infection (UTIs), and BPH (men). Schistosomiasis's prevalence distinguishes it, critical for worldwide epidemiology, unlike age or gender-specific causes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Renal colic can present without hematuria ~10% lack it (e.g., early/no abrasion), correct. Males predominate (2:1) not females. ~90% are radio-opaque calcium dominant. Recurrence is ~50% by 5 years higher risk. Hematuria's absence distinguishes it, key to variable presentation, unlike gender, imaging, or recurrence errors.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Hyperkalemia is the most likely cause in dialysis arrest missed sessions spike potassium (e.g., >6.5 mmol/L), triggering arrhythmias. Pericardial effusion (uremic) is slower less acute. Hypocalcemia and hypertension occur less fatal acutely. Potassium's lethality distinguishes it, key to dialysis emergencies, unlike effusion or chronic issues.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Infection is the most frequent CAPD complication peritonitis (e.g., Staph epidermidis) tops issues, true. Gram-negatives are less common Staph leads. Admission isn't required intraperitoneal antibiotics suffice. Cell count is >100 leukocytes 250 overstates. Frequency distinguishes it, key to CAPD morbidity, unlike organism, treatment, or count errors.