Which action highlights Florence Nightingale’s role as an epidemiologist?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because connecting poor sanitation with negative health outcomes is a key aspect of epidemiology, which focuses on understanding patterns of health and disease in populations. Florence Nightingale's work in highlighting the link between sanitation and health outcomes during the Crimean War revolutionized public health practices. Choice A is incorrect because dressing soldiers' infected wounds is more related to nursing care rather than epidemiology. Choice C is incorrect as developing training schools for nurses and midwives is related to nursing education, not epidemiology. Choice D is incorrect as changing linens and bathing clients are also more related to nursing care rather than epidemiology.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because sharing needles, syringes, or other equipment contaminated with blood is a known risk factor for hepatitis C transmission. By instructing individuals to avoid sharing such equipment, the nurse is addressing a direct route of transmission and promoting a key preventive measure. A is incorrect as it focuses on screening after potential exposure, not primary prevention. B is important for general hygiene but not specific to hepatitis C prevention. C is not directly related to preventing hepatitis C transmission through blood contact. In summary, choice D is the most effective primary prevention strategy for hepatitis C as it directly addresses a common mode of transmission.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Engaging in contact tracing. This is a secondary prevention measure because it involves identifying and monitoring individuals who have been in contact with infected individuals to prevent further spread of the disease. Contact tracing helps to contain the outbreak by isolating those who may have been exposed. A: Administering immunizations is a primary prevention measure aimed at preventing the disease in the first place. C: Providing direct care to infected individuals is a tertiary prevention measure focused on treating the disease and its complications. D: Educating the public about disease transmission is a primary prevention measure to raise awareness and prevent the spread of the disease.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step 1: Florence Nightingale demonstrated that a safer environment resulted in decreased mortality rates through her work during the Crimean War. Step 2: As an epidemiologist, she focused on preventing and controlling diseases within populations. Step 3: By improving sanitation, ventilation, and hygiene practices in hospitals, Nightingale reduced the spread of infections. Step 4: This approach aligns with the core principles of epidemiology, which aim to identify and address factors that influence the health of populations. Step 5: Other choices are incorrect as they do not directly relate to epidemiological practices. Choice A focuses on nursing care, while Choice D addresses improving living conditions but not specifically related to epidemiology. Summary: Florence Nightingale's demonstration of the impact of a safer environment on mortality rates exemplifies her role as an epidemiologist, aligning with the principles of preventing and controlling diseases within populations. Other choices lack this direct connection to epidemiological practices.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because in epidemiology, proportions should have the numerator included in the denominator. In this case, the total number of gonorrhea cases should be included in the total number of STIs to accurately represent the proportion. Choice B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not follow the basic principle of proportion in epidemiological analysis. Choice B does not address the inclusion of the numerator in the denominator. Choices C and D are not relevant to the concept of proportion in this context.