Which action highlights Florence Nightingale’s role as an epidemiologist?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Connecting poor sanitation with negative health outcomes. This highlights Florence Nightingale's role as an epidemiologist because she was one of the first to recognize the link between poor sanitation and disease spread. She conducted studies showing how improving sanitation could reduce infection rates, laying the foundation for modern epidemiology. A: Dressing soldiers' infected wounds - While this was an important part of Nightingale's work as a nurse, it does not specifically highlight her role as an epidemiologist. C: Developing training schools for nurses and midwives - Nightingale's contribution to nursing education is significant, but it does not directly relate to her role as an epidemiologist. D: Changing linens and frequently bathing clients - These actions are important for infection control but do not specifically showcase Nightingale's role as an epidemiologist in identifying the root causes of disease outbreaks.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because sharing needles or other equipment contaminated with blood is a significant risk factor for contracting hepatitis C. By instructing individuals to avoid sharing such equipment, the nurse is targeting a key mode of transmission for the virus. This primary prevention strategy directly addresses the root cause of hepatitis C transmission in high-risk populations. Choice A is incorrect because while screening for hepatitis C is important, it is not a primary prevention strategy. Choice B is incorrect as handwashing is essential for preventing the spread of infections like hepatitis A and E, not hepatitis C. Choice C is incorrect because immunizations against other viral hepatitis infections do not protect against hepatitis C specifically. In summary, advising individuals to avoid sharing needles or equipment contaminated with blood is the most effective primary prevention strategy for hepatitis C compared to the other choices provided.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Engaging in contact tracing. Secondary prevention aims to identify and intervene early in the course of a disease to prevent its progression. Contact tracing helps to identify individuals who may have been exposed to the infectious disease, allowing for early intervention to prevent further spread. Administering immunizations (A) is a form of primary prevention to prevent the initial occurrence of the disease. Providing direct care to infected individuals (C) is a form of tertiary prevention aimed at managing the impact of the disease. Educating the public about disease transmission (D) is essential for prevention but does not directly involve early identification and intervention like contact tracing.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Probably one of the most profound failures in infectious disease control in the United States and elsewhere is that the successes are not equally distributed in the general population. Infectious diseases continue to be differentially distributed by income and ethnic groups, and the poor and minorities continue to experience the greater burden. There continues to be an increase in vector-borne infections, but there has been a decrease in food-borne and waterborne infections. There is concern that deadly pathogens will be weaponized by terrorists.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Herd immunity is a state in which those not immune to an infectious agent will be protected if a certain proportion (generally considered to be $80 \%$ ) of the population has been vaccinated or is otherwise immune. Because most children in the school are immune, it will be difficult for the chickenpox to spread.