Where is the best place to observe for the presence of petechiae in dark-skinned individuals?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Petechiae are small, pinpoint, red or purple spots on the skin caused by bleeding into the skin. In dark-skinned individuals, it can be challenging to visualize petechiae due to the pigmentation of the skin. However, one of the best places to observe for the presence of petechiae in dark-skinned individuals is the oral mucosa, specifically the inner lining of the mouth. The oral mucosa is usually lighter in color compared to the skin, making it easier to identify petechiae in this area. Palms and soles may also be a good place to observe for petechiae, but the oral mucosa is typically the preferred site for examination in dark-skinned individuals.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) most likely results from heterogeneous risk factors, such as obesity, unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle, genetic predisposition, and other lifestyle factors. By addressing these risk factors through lifestyle modifications, such as maintaining a healthy diet and regular exercise, the development of Type 2 DM can often be prevented or delayed. On the other hand, Type 1 diabetes is primarily an autoimmune condition where the body mistakenly attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, and it is not preventable. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy and is influenced by hormonal changes during pregnancy and other factors, making it less preventable through lifestyle changes alone. Thus, Type 2 diabetes is the type that is most preventable through lifestyle modifications.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In a patient with diabetes insipidus (DI) who is on fluid restrictions, monitoring urine output is crucial to assess the effectiveness of the treatment regimen. DI is a condition characterized by excessive urination and thirst due to a deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). By monitoring urine output, the nurse can determine if the restrictions are achieving the goal of decreasing urine volume and preventing dehydration. Changes in urine output can also indicate the need for adjustments in the treatment plan. Monitoring oral intake, appearance of mucous membranes, and pulse and temperature are important aspects of pediatric care but are not as directly related to managing fluid restrictions in a patient with DI.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that can affect multiple organs in the body, including the lungs. Patients with SLE are at risk for developing various respiratory complications, which can result in abnormal lung sounds on auscultation. Common respiratory manifestations of SLE include pleurisy, pleural effusion, interstitial lung disease, and pulmonary hypertension. Therefore, the nurse assessing Mrs. Diwa can expect to find abnormal lung sounds indicative of these respiratory complications. However, it is important to note that SLE can also present with a wide range of other symptoms affecting different organ systems.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The nurse will assess a loss of ability in the area of balance. Balance is an essential component of the physical function that allows individuals to maintain an upright posture and stability during movement. A loss of balance can significantly impact a person's mobility, coordination, and safety. Nurses often assess balance as part of their evaluations to identify any impairments that may affect a patient's independence and daily activities.