Where in the kidney are the glomeruli located?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Glomeruli are in the cortex cortical nephrons dominate (e.g., filtration zone). Medulla has fewer juxtamedullary. Pelvis collects not filters. Pyramids are medullary subset. Cortex's glomerular density distinguishes it, critical for GFR, unlike deeper or collecting areas.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Urea adds to medullary solute concentration recycles in collecting duct (e.g., ~1200 mOsm with NaCl). Sugar is reabsorbed not medullary. Proteins are filtered out not concentrated. Bicarbonate is pH-related not osmotic. Urea's contribution distinguishes it, key to concentration gradient, unlike filtered or pH solutes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Alcohol is a diuretic inhibits ADH secretion (e.g., hypothalamus suppression), increasing urine. Antidiuretic increases retention opposite. Diuretic/increases ADH contradicts more water retained. Antidiuretic/inhibits misnames diuresis occurs. Diuretic/inhibition distinguishes it, key to alcohol's effect, unlike retention or reverse errors.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: All dialysis (blood filtering), CAPD (peritoneal), transplant treat renal failure (e.g., replace kidney function). Dialysis alone omits options partial. CAPD alone excludes others limited. Transplant alone ignores temporaries insufficient. Comprehensive treatments distinguish it, key to renal management, unlike singular approaches.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Vasa recta acts as a countercurrent exchanger maintains medullary gradient (e.g., loops with Loop of Henle). Afferent arterioles supply not exchange. Urethra drains no countercurrent. Trigone is bladder not exchanger. Vasa recta's exchange distinguishes it, critical for concentration, unlike supply or drainage structures.