Where does filtration based on blood pressure occur?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Filtration based on blood pressure occurs at the glomerulus hydrostatic pressure (~55 mmHg) drives GFR (e.g., renal corpuscle). Collecting duct reabsorbs not filters. Distal tubule adjusts post-filtration. Loop concentrates not pressure-driven. Glomerulus's pressure filtration distinguishes it, key to urine initiation, unlike tubular roles.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Sodium is the best osmolarity indicator dominant extracellular ion (~140 mM, e.g., drives osmosis). Calcium is minor (~2.5 mM) less impact. Chlorine follows Na secondary. Potassium is intracellular not plasma. Na 's prevalence distinguishes it, critical for osmolarity, unlike lesser ions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: pH above 7.4 is alkalosis base excess (e.g., HCO₃⁻ rise). Acidosis is below 7.35 acidic. Diuresis is urine output not pH. Natriuresis is Na excretion unrelated. Alkalosis's high pH distinguishes it, critical for acid-base status, unlike low pH or unrelated terms.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Hemodialysis removes 8-25 g urea in 3-6 hours e.g., typical clearance (blood levels drop). 8-10 g is low underestimates. 50-250 g is excessive beyond capacity. 8-25 mg is trivial mg vs. g error. 8-25 g distinguishes it, critical for dialysis efficacy, unlike under/over or unit mistakes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Distal tubules are impermeable to renin it's a hormone, not reabsorbed (e.g., acts systemically). Aldosterone affects Na cells respond. ADH adjusts water collecting duct permeable. Macula densa is a structure not a substance. Renin's impermeability distinguishes it, key to its systemic role, unlike hormones affecting tubules.